Case study for The David Beckham Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Contextual investigation for The David Beckham Brand - Essay Example Beckham, wedded to ex-individual from the pop gathering Spice Girls’ Victoria Adams, got one of the most well known superstar couples of the time. They were appreciated by an immensely huge number of fans and were considered as design symbols for youth. Beckham’s most famous supports incorporate Pepsi, Vodafone, Nike, Brylcreem and Marks and Spencer. As indicated by (HUNTER, 2009, p34-36) the estimation of Beckham’s brand was evaluated to be more than 200 million pounds. Extraordinary promotion in media was made when Beckham got moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in 2003. In any case, this exchange was essentially a direct result of his business claim rather than his game abilities. In the accompanying report we will examine the purposes behind fruitful supports by Beckham, the qualities and the standards which were followed in the supports and which prompted those huge triumphs. In addition, the focal points and the weaknesses will be examined that organizations get from these supports. The instance of Real Madrid will be broke down profoundly and talked about in a different segment followed by the idea of superstar supports as a rule and the advantages that can be accomplished by VIP supports by an organization. There are commonly three explanations behind a client to purchase an embraced item or administration which are: nature of the result of administration, amount and cost of the item or administration and thirdly due to the endorser. David Beckham was looked for an enormous number of item or administration supports in the late 90s period and the start of 21st century. He was without a doubt one of the best endorsers of that time and the reasons of his prosperity were many. He was a snazzy soccer player as well as his ubiquity was expanded because of his marriage with a popular star Victoria of previous music band Spice Girls. His attractive features, lovely character and his outmaneuver execution in soccer had made him a style symbol for the young as well as

6 Steps For Building Your Author Mailing List

6 Steps For Building Your Author Mailing List 6 Steps for Building your Author Mailing List through Giveaways One of the fundamental inquiries that torment appearing writers is: how would I construct a group of people for my first book before I discharge it? Most creators know that they should begin assembling their creator mailing list a long time ahead of time, they just don’t know how. Of course, that’s more difficult than one might expect, particularly in the event that you haven’t distributed anything yet. Be that as it may, it’s not difficult to do, even while you’re composing your first book.Someone who has had some achievement around there is Derek Murphy. Derek has been a long-lasting companion of Reedsy, and been in the matter of distributing for many years currently (look at his cool site creativindie.com). He’s an incredible book creator and has helped a great deal of writers with their advertising endeavors. As of late, Derek chose to compose his first fiction book (a YA epic). In any case, before that, he needed to fabricate a group o f people for it. In a selective meeting with us, he clarifies how he had the option to manufacture a writer mailing rundown of 10,000 perusers, without any preparation, in under a week.â€Å"One of the most straightforward approaches to get a great deal of recruits rapidly is to offer free giveaways. It’s a lot simpler than attempting to assemble extraordinary substance that individuals share. I’ve been doing that for quite a while and it takes work. Regardless of whether it’s great you aren’t going to get that numerous offers or follows or enjoys. A challenge is extremely lovely powerful.† †Derek MurphyYou can watch the full meeting here, or read the post beneath where we dense the data into a decent bit by bit manage (on the grounds that that’s what we do!). Offer the meeting: Here's the manner by which to manufacture a writer mailing rundown of 10,000 perusers, without any preparation, in under seven days. 1. Set up your creator mailing list and make a mechanized email sequenceYour first undertaking is to set yourself up on Mailchimp. When you have made your record, an information exchange structure will appear. You can redo this structure, share it on your creator site, or any online life stages you have. Start little, joining loved ones and make a mechanized email succession for each new supporter who signs up.Maintain a solitary rundown of every one of your endorsers and portion it as per specific intrigue gatherings. This is so you can tailor your newslettersâ according to the prizes you bring to the table. Make a warm mechanized email arrangement that urges perusers to collaborate with you. 2. Settle on the â€Å"giveaway† Facebook Ads for Authors (with Mark Dawson) Understand post Target persuasive individuals in your type. This is Derek’s strategy: â€Å"I made an email rundown of possibly 500 book bloggers in my sort and all the ‘BookTubers’ who talk about and survey YA books on YouTube†¦ those are influencers, who have the traffic and stages as of now, so I email all them about the contest†.Facebook focused on promoting is another way to deal with consider. Drive up supporters of your creator mailing list by focused publicizing to gatherings, pages or individuals. Discover type explicit pages to post your promotions on so they are appeared to individuals who are probably going to enjoy the giveaway.â€Å"The pleasant thing about giveaways is that others share for you. I will do focused on Facebook publicizing to reach possibly a 1,000 people, and those individuals will share truly hard†¦ they will elevate the giveaway to all their friends...it’s not actually turning into a web sensation yet you get a lot of t raffic† †Derek MurphyThere are different stages you can advance your giveaway on, for example, StumbleUpon’s Paid Discovery, Reddit’s publicizing stage and advanced posts on Twitter. Also consider teaming up with different writers or individuals who are likewise parting with prizes. In the event that you do a common rivalry advancing both of your items, you are pooling the gets in touch with you both have, multiplying the potential for supporters. The pleasant thing about giveaways is that others share for you. †@Creativindie 5. Convert giveaway endorsers into a steadfast fanbaseThere is some analysis of building a creator mailing list through giveaways. All things considered, there is no assurance that endorsers will be keen on your work essentially in light of the fact that you are sans offering prizes. So how would you make a faithful fanbase from this?â€Å"Most creators are likely not utilizing the mailing list right. They are presumably parting with free stuff and afterward attempting to sell their book right away†¦ That’s not going to work. First you should teach them about what your identity is: they are pursuing free stuff, they don’t realize that I’m a creator yet. There are approaches to gradually acquaint them with that thought, and it’s not by selling them my book.† †Derek MurphyContinue with littler crusades, especially utilizing Gleam or Rafflecopter that connect to your writer blog and sites which supporters can peruse on the off chance that the y need to. This procedure needs to happen step by step as a backhanded method to acquaint your rundown with the reality you are an author.â€Å"I won’t attempt to offer my books to this list† says Derek. â€Å"I’m for the most part utilizing it for nothing downloads and book audits. On the off chance that I can part with a thousand duplicates of my book and I give them motivation to go download it and audit it I can most likely get two or three hundred surveys in the primary couple days of my launch†. Surveys are fundamental for the effective showcasing of a book. You should get a huge number of downloads to get several audits. You can't accomplish this in the event that you begin charging for your book too soon as a first-time writer. Your giveaway supporters won't be responsive to the 'hard sell'. Fabricate a relationship with them first. 6. Stay in contact with your fanbase regularlySend out a month to month bulletin to your writer mailing list, for example, ‘My top 10 books for December 2015’ so competitors continue opening your messages. Give a short audit of every one and an Amazon connect where they can purchase the book. This will likewise give you income through the Amazon subsidiary program.Eventually, contact your rundown letting them know there are no more giveaways. This will be a method of discovering where your actual fanbase lies. Regardless of whether most of individuals withdraw to your messages, the point is have 1,000-2,000 individuals who are truly keen on your work who will purchase your books later on. In the long run, clean upâ your list by telling your endorsers there are no more giveaways. ConclusionThere’s one thing we haven’t referenced at this point: costs. Parting with stuff isn't free, even more if you’re advancing the giveaway through publicizing. Derek’s crusade cost him around $600-700 (full breakdown here).This seems like a great deal. Be that as it may, it isn't phenomenal for creators to spend this sum on showcasing with no obviously characterized outcomes over an any longer timespan. The distinction with this methodology is after the underlying costs, you can right away reconnect with your endorsers for nothing later on. As we state in the meeting, â€Å"you manufacture your very own Bookbub list†.What areâ your methodologies for developing your writer mailing list? Have you at any point attempted giveaways? Tell us about your encounters, or ask Derek any inquiry, in the remarks underneath!

Building Relationships Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Building Relationships - Research Paper Example The partners of an instructive foundation not just incorporate the network of researchers working for the establishment yet in addition incorporate those working outside the organization. The better the connection between the leader of the establishment and the partners, improved will be the presentation of the foundation. The motivation behind this task is to assess the centrality of building associations with partners both inside and outside the higher instructive establishments. Despite the fact that there are numerous partners who contribute somehow or another or other for the accomplishment of an instructive foundation, yet in this paper the emphasis will be on two principle partners with whom the pioneer must work together: staff and sheets. The relationship-building process for the pioneers of instructive foundations depends on the conviction that cooperation is effective just when it is done at both individual and expert levels. Pioneers need to construct associations with the employees dependent on common interests. They have to distinguish shared objectives, just as the approaches to achieve those objectives. Pioneers need to see things from the faculty’s point of view all together think of appropriate arrangements with respect to developing or rose clashes and issues. Pioneers must realize the significance building up benevolent associations with the workforce since when staff will be liberated from administrative weight issue, they will show more consistency and devotion to their activity duties which will in the long run positively affect the general execution of the understudies. Positive associations with educators upgrade their degree of occupation fulfillment (Maele and Houtte, 2012, p. 879). Correspondence is the initial phase in the relationship building process with the staff. Pioneers need to consider all employees equivalent with the goal that the odds of separation get less however much as could reasonably be expected. Employees

The Protestant Ethic as a Driving Force of Capitalism According to Max Weber and His Book „the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”

The protestant ethic as a main impetus of free enterprise as indicated by Max Weber and his book „The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism† Maximilian Carl Emil â€Å"Max† Weber was a German humanist and a political financial analyst. His work on human science of religion is most likely what he is most popular for. He was attempting to see how religion †may affect financial morals regardless of the way that the two terms are once in a while related. His first work regarding the matter â€Å"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism† is most likely the piece which has characterized his profession as a sociologist.During the later 50% of the nineteenth century the world was starting to encounter fast and basic changes. The Second Industrial upheaval was quickly diminishing the typical cost for basic items, improving worldwide life guidelines. Logical discoveries and thoughts were prompting a quick advancement of prudent turn of events whi le individuals like Charles Darwin, Thomas Huxley and George Mendel were rethinking the very idea of man’s place on the planet. Individuals were starting to encourage their general surroundings in an alternate manner and it was quickly changing †a procedure which saw it’s end after the First World War.Compare and Contrast Driving in the Winter and Driving in the SummerDuring such a period when came out Weber’s â€Å"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism† in this present reality where the three greatest mechanical forces (The British Empire; the United States of America; The Second German Reich) were protestant it isn't difficult to comprehend why he considered Protestantism to be a factor for the commonness of certain nations over other. All through his book, Weber underscores that his record is inadequate. He isn't contending that Protestantism caused the free enterprise soul, but instead that it was one contributing variable. He likewis e recognizes that free enterprise itself affected the improvement of the strict ideas.The full story is significantly more intricate than Weber's halfway record, and Weber himself continually reminds his perusers about his own confinements. The book itself has a presentation and five parts. The initial three sections make up what Weber calls â€Å"The Problem. † The main section addresses â€Å"Religious Affiliation and Social Stratification,† the second â€Å"The Spirit of Capitalism,† and the third â€Å"Luther's Conception of the Calling and the Task of the Investigation. † The fourth and fifth parts make up â€Å"The Practical Ethics of the Ascetic Branches of Protestantism. The fourth section is about â€Å"The Religious Foundations of Worldly Asceticism,† and the fifth part is about â€Å"Asceticism and the Spirit of Capitalism. † The book isn't an investigation of the Protestant development in the Christian religion. It is progressiv ely a perception of how the thoughts it lectures have affected Capitalism. Protestantism started with The Protestant Reformation, likewise called the Protestant Revolt or just The Reformation, which was the European Christian change development that set up Protestantism as a constituent part of contemporary Christianity.It was driven by Martin Luther, John Calvin and different Protestants. Oneself depicted â€Å"reformers† (who â€Å"protested†) questioned the principles, customs and clerical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, and made new national Protestant temples. There were numerous littler bodies too. The most widely recognized dating starts in 1517 when Luther distributed â€Å"The Ninety-Five Theses†, and finishes up in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that finished long stretches of European strict wars. Protestantism offers an idea of the common â€Å"calling,† and gives common action a strict character.While significant, this by itself c an't disclose the need to seek after benefit. One part of Protestantism, Calvinism (built up by John Calvin from whom the name of the development infers), provides this clarification. Calvinists put stock in predestinationâ€that God has just figured out who is spared and who is accursed. As Calvinism created, a profound mental requirement for intimations about whether one was really spared emerged, and Calvinists looked to their accomplishment in common movement for those signs. In this manner, they came to esteem benefit and material accomplishment as indications of God's favor.Other strict gatherings, for example, the Pietists, Methodists, and the Baptist orders had comparative mentalities to a lesser degree. Weber contends this new demeanor separated the customary financial framework, making ready for present day free enterprise. Having at the top of the priority list the sum total of what which has been said so far Max Weber concluded that the Protestant ethic was the main th rust behind free enterprise and the affordable and social advancement in the nations which were the authors of the strict development. Talking from a carefully chronicled perspective the Reformation had its primary impact in effectively created urban areas and states.Thus it could be consistent with state that the Protestant development was just an outcome from a previously creating entrepreneur framework. This, in any case, prompts the subject of why, during the Protestant Reformation, the locale that were most financially evolved were likewise generally good for a transformation. The facts demonstrate that opportunity from financial customs may make one bound to likewise question strict conventions. In any case, the Reformation didn't take out the impact of the Church, yet rather subbed one impact for another that was all the more mediating in the lives of its devotees. The transformation isn't a suspension of Church predominance over life yet rather a change to an alternate sort of strength. † This might be the situation in protestant nations however this doesn't consider that after the Reformation there can be seen a move of intensity in Europe structure Catholic states like Spain, Italy and France to Protestant states, for example, England, the Netherlands, Germany and Scotland. Weber starts his examination with an inquiry: What about Western human advancement has made it the main progress to build up certain social marvels to which we like to property widespread worth and significance?Only in the West does science that we think about substantial exist. While experimental information and perception exist somewhere else in science, history, workmanship and design, they do not have the â€Å"rational, deliberate and specialized† technique of the West. Specifically, the improvement of administration and the prepared authority are one of a kind toward the West, similar to the cutting edge sound state. Weber makes a qualification in his work among private enterprise and present day free enterprise. For him free enterprise has existed since old occasions and instances of private enterprise can be found in Egypt, Babylon, India and China.In this classification he incorporates various open doors which are of incidental and nonsensical character and are connected with brisk collection of riches. Such arbitrary events are exercises like cash loaning, state agreements and state financing, charge ransoms, settlement abuse and syndication, benefitting from wars, upsets, ideological groups and so on. These structures vary from present day private enterprise due to their theoretical nature and the utilization of irregular possibilities for benefit. As indicated by Weber the particular key purposes of present day private enterprise are: A make progress toward a uninterruptedly tedious benefit, †¢Achieving of benefit through â€Å"peaceful odds of exchange† and not through viciousness and hostility; †¢The rise of the ba sically â€Å"bourgeoisie creation capitalism† with its objective association of the free soul This new structure is â€Å"the balanced industrialist association of (officially) free work. † This structure reflects normal modern association, the partition of business from the family unit and reasonable accounting. In any case, at last these things are just huge in their relationship with the free enterprise association of work. Accurate calculationâ€the premise of everything elseâ€is just conceivable based on free work. † Weber says that we should attempt to comprehend what it was about the West that supported the specialized usage of logical information through things like accounting. Essentially, we should ask where the levelheaded law and organization of the West originated from. For what reason didn't the political, aesthetic, logical or monetary improvement of different nations follow a similar way of rationalization?Weber makes an association between the Protestant ethic which was acknowledged after the Reformation procedure in Europe and financial advancement utilizing this meaning of â€Å"modern capitalism† Weber gives out an itemized investigation of measurable information which mirror the social delineation among Protestants and Catholics. The examination was directed utilizing data assembled from nations of blended strict organization †Germany, Austria and the Netherlands and he utilizes it to deduct that proprietors and business pioneers, just as the higher gifted workers and faculty, are overwhelmingly Protestant.Weber additionally says that however it may be felt that the more noteworthy support of Protestants in private enterprise is because of their more prominent acquired riches, this doesn't clarify all the marvels. For instance, Catholic and Protestant guardians will in general give their kids various sorts of instruction. While most Catholics incline toward philanthropic instruction, Protestants who as indicated by Weber are set themselves up for a bourgeoisie lifestyle favor increasingly material training so as to ace explicit abilities related with mechanical control. He clarifies this with the distinction in early upbringing.Catholics likewise have to a greater degree a propensity than Protestants to remain in handiworks as opposed to go into industry. This proposes their condition has decided the decision of occupation. This appears to be all the more probable since one would ordinarily anticipate

Business Process Workflow Management Business Essay

Business Process Workflow Management Business Essay Business process the executives is significant for both existing and new organizations. BPM is otherwise called Business Process Reengineering. It is a lot of between related assignments that assist organizations with expanding their current business procedures and adapt to future operational and authoritative changes. A proficient business process sets aside and makes cash for an association. Work process, in its exceptionally fundamental sense, is a usage of the responses to the inquiries that emerge in a business procedure. Work process responds to the inquiries, who? What? Furthermore, When? in a business procedure. It is the development of records or undertakings through a work procedure. Business process work process the board is a fundamental component in sorting out an assortment of business undertakings and procedures with the goal that the business can be profited all in all. Work process the board frameworks extend from the essential exercises of a business to a great many complex highlights. Work process the executives enables business supervisors to play out a great deal of fluctuating capacities relying upon the requirements of the association. Various organizations have distinctive work process the board needs to perform fluctuated capacities for them. A few organizations need work process the board for arranging information accessible on the net; some need them for overseeing different business exchanges while some need them for sorting out and isolating all the archives of a venture. Work process the executives is useful to a wide range of business independent of their size. It causes them characterize and spot different procedures that will help increment proficiency over the long haul. Business process work process the board assists with characterizing, make, execute and oversee different procedures inside the association itself and improve business-to-business exchanges to boost efficiency. It encourages changes in the endeavor that are required for its improvement and augmentation of yield and benefits in the base time conceivable. It additionally helps an association in spotting existing wasteful aspects by keeping a consistent beware of their workers efficiency. BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT JOURNALS Business process the board is actualized to improve the adequacy and effectiveness of an undertaking via computerizing its business forms. The key consider included picking a BPM arrangement is to pick one that will fit the association in all circumstances, as conditions administering a business will in general change with vacillations in economic situations. It isn't possible for an association to change its BPM as and when circumstances change. Business re-building can mean genuine difficulty particularly when applied by individuals who don't get it. There are instances of thousands of associations that were running into misfortunes yet thusly, accomplished exceptional benefits because of very much oversaw BPM ventures. The way in to the achievement of these organizations lay in applying BPM to their key business forms. Business process the board diaries assume a key job in making representatives mindful of the predominant business conditions and how to adjust to these progressions by applying the correct re-designing and procedure change ventures. BPM diaries are the superior channel for apprentices, specialists and analysts to secure driving edge data identified with current improvements in BPM ideas, practices, devices and advances. It is a helping help for understudies considering BPM related zones and advisors who help associations in overseeing forms. They likewise give valuable articles that emphasis on quality and pertinence. BPM diaries give data about creating business process the executives programs. They convey articles on various business exercises that influence business productivity and adequacy. It gives data on combination and the executives of different exercises that help in having an edge over the contenders. Infrequently, there exists a hole in seeing how to drive effectiveness through a BPM approach despite the fact that one realizes how to deal with the different exchanges. BPM diaries help understanding the different BPM capacities and assists loading up with increasing the holes for genuine business execution. Some BPM diaries give bits of knowledge into best practice the executives of key procedures. These diaries keep up a consistent up date of all progressions made in the business field and representing the useful materialness of these through different contextual analyses and models. They additionally give tips on the best way to oversee business forms most viably. BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE SOLUTION Business process the executives centers around the mechanization and normalization of existing and future business forms. BPM is the way to boosting an associations income, quality and react to clients needs continuously by diminishing business process issues. BPM apparatuses and procedures have been consistently picking up in prevalence and use in numerous organizations. In todays worldwide business condition, the requirement for mechanization of different business forms, nonstop development and adaptability is turning numerous endeavors to go for BPM. BPM programming helps in comprehension and streamlining the intricate procedure of business the board. It helps in perceiving the different wellsprings of wasteful aspects in an organization. There are a couple of key factors that must be remembered while choosing BPM programming. One of these elements is the degree of specialized help gave by the seller. To maintain a strategic distance from any specialized problems at a later stage, it is fundamental to talk with the client care focal point of the product organization before picking the BPM programming arrangement. This ought to be finished thinking about the necessities and prerequisites of the business. BPM programming that fits in with a companys business should be resolved before picking a BPM programming arrangement. A similar programming sometimes falls short for a wide range of organizations. Recognition with the product introduced is of most extreme significance. Adequate time ought to be given to this action of getting pre pared in utilizing the product. BPM programming with highlights that are not utilized is an outright misuse of assets and time in light of the fact that the principle reason for BPM programming is utilizing least time and cash and expanding benefit over the long haul. A few magazines and surveys are accessible online to give significant data in regards to BPM programming arrangements. BPM programming offers focal points of adaptability and cost investment funds over all fields of business and usability in the business world today. The target ought to be to guarantee fast rate of profitability and potential for long haul development. A GUIDE TO BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT Business Process Management (BPM) enables an association in adjusting to changing conditions in the market to put in order to stay serious. BPM is otherwise called Business Process Reengineering. An all around planned BPM framework can enable an endeavor to run productively and viably, move as indicated by the companys guidelines, and spot wasteful aspects in the business exercises and bottlenecks to the smooth progression of work. BPM frameworks help in perceiving certain circumstances that may present difficulty later on. They upgrade the general quality and amount of the different administrations and items being given by the association. BPM can be incredibly valuable to representatives and top chiefs of an endeavor. It helps the top administrators in checking business exercises and worker efficiency. It is useful to the representatives as it diminishes their working hours. It likewise enables an association in maintaining the administrative guidelines and guidelines to set for the business world. A decent BPM helps an association in staying away from the missteps it has made previously. It causes in business-to-business exchanges. There are a great deal of BPM guides accessible which can coordinate a venture towards the correct decision of BPM with the goal that it can utilize all the advantages of BPM. These aides help in understanding different BPM frameworks that can be utilized by the necessities and prerequisites of various organizations. It shows how most extreme benefits can be gotten out of constrained assets. The changing circumstance of business is the key factor to be thought of while picking a BPM framework. BPM framework ought to be valuable in all circumstances, which influence the business. This is on the grounds that the framework can't be changed as when the economic situations change. The effectiveness of the organization would be antagonistically influenced if BPM frameworks were not changed as per evolving conditions. BPM advancements increment an undertakings potential to offer quality administrations to its esteemed clients in any event cost. .

HMVs business model - Free Essay Example

Title: What Is the Real à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Business Modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Here, (And More Importantly, How Do We Fix It)? HMV (UK): 2750 words. This paper examines the business model à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and its associated problems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" of HMV, the 87 year old music retailer which, in the estimation of many, has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦failed to adapt to a digital revolution in the music industry.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1) HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s basic business model is that of a classic non-discounting high street retailer, with all the supply chain, distribution and marketing dimensions which are contingent upon that status. Like all similar businesses, it sells intellectual property (music, books, games, software) on the assumption that it is a unique portal, through which customers must obtain the product in the form offered. Its business issues are almost all intrinsically related to this identity, and the possible solutions prescribed and limited by th e same factors. It says much about HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current prospects that a 3p fall in share values to 128p is seen as relatively encouraging: (2) whilst it is true that retail groups are hardly leading the stock markets at present, there are deeper and more long term problems to consider in the case of a UK music retailer such as HMV. Very little of its current difficulties are of its own design à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" unless a lack of responsiveness is taken into account. Sales of its staple product, music, are in general decline, as Braithwaite reports: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Enders Analysis, the media research company, predicts that global music sales by 2009 will be half their level at the peak of the CD boom, down from $45bn in 1997 to $23bn in 2009.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (3) In HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own assessment, the sales of physical music media may decline in value by as much as 26 per cent by 2010. (4). The contemporary financial and credit crisis is another, quite justifiable claim which HMV could make to aggrieved status. A critique of its underlaying business model reveals, however, that this is not the total picture. HMV is linked structurally to relations of production which, though not quite defunct, have certainly acquired a new form and balance over the last 10 years. Although the relationships which underpinned the latter were not of HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s making, it was in effect a net beneficiary of them. What is remarkable is that, to an extent greater than any other market participant, it has adhered to and even sought to re-invent the same paradigms in it current business model. As Mintzberg points out, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦there are dangers in looking to the future by extrapolating the needs of the present, in relying excessively on hard data, and in over-formalizing the strategy making process.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (5) The resolution of HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s problems may ultimately lay in the operation of the market itself. As i ts own CEO has averred, a declining business and market may still yield worthwhile profits, as indeed HMV sometimes still does. (6). Moreover, there is plenty of independent analyst support as collateral for this position. As Philip Dorgan of Panmure Gordon points out, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Instead of waiting for its business model to implode, management has launched several initiatives which could yet see the shorts proved wrong.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (7) Nick Bubb, analyst at Pali International, has been no less generous, reportedly stating that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The business has seen an amazing turnround from a year ago when HMV seemed doomed and management must get some credit for the operational initiatives which have moved things forward.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (8). This is encouragement indeed for a business which has been on the receiving end of market pressure for at least as long as its current CEO, Simon Fox, has been in charge. In July 2008 the Financial Times dubbed it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the most shorted stock in the retailing sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ when it fell 17p to 112.5p, adding that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦analysts continued to voice concerns about the groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to prosper in the digital age.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (9) Ultimately however the outcome is still perhaps in little doubt, except with regard to its timescale. The question is whether or not HMV can turn the architects of its demise à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" digital music downloads and e.commerce à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to its own advantage, or whether it will retain its existing mindset. Perhaps one indication of this lays in Hooley et al.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assessment of what the internet implies in customer relationships. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A significant feature of the Internet is the shift in power away from manufacturers and retailers towards customers. While the period to the middle of the twentieth century saw power concentrated in the hands of manufacturers and suppliersthe customer now t ypically initiates an information search, whereas in the past the manufacturer or the retailer initiated and controlled this.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(10) The key words here are power and control, as will be discussed more fully below. At the time of writing, HMV is enjoying an uncharacteristically successful period through the popularity of computer games such as Grand Theft Auto IV, Wii Fit, Mario Kart and Brain Training, and anticipates a Christmas bonus through sales of the Sony PSP console, Fifa 09 and Gears of War. (11). As Braithwaite and Stafford point out, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The games business, which now represents about 18 per cent of sales, saw demand for both consoles and games soar over the holiday period. HMV has sought to deal with the dwindling market for CDs by refocusing on video games, DVDs and technology products such as MP3 music players.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (12). Its diversification into books via acquisition of Waterstones has not been quite so productive: like-for-like sales are down 1.7 per cent despite availability of the latest Harry Potter opus (13). Indeed, much depends upon the festive season for HMV: the planned supply chain improvements are being deferred to avoid any teething problems over the holidays, whilst expenditure on its projected 10 new stores has been decreased from  £100 to  £50. (14). The general environment is not encouraging, however. In the run-up to the peak sales period, one of HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s suppliers, Pinnacle Entertainment, went into administration, raising doubts over the supply of albums for eager Christmas shoppers. (15). Despite this, and the fact that ex-Woolworthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock will now be sold off in competition with its own offerings, HMV is hoping to repeat or exceed last yearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life-giving infusion of revenue again in 2008. The essential point here is that any resurgence achieved through computer games and the like, merely serves to emphasize HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â €ž ¢s conventional business model as a retailer of particular products with a strong niche market. If Grand Theft Auto IV were suddenly available in downloadable form, HMV would have to seek another revenue stream quickly: in fact, it seems fair to say that, until it moves away from its current business model, its profitability only begins where the advance of digital technology stops. Somewhere in this elastic equation lays the future of businesses like HMV. As mentioned above, the business issues are not essentially of HMVs making: we need to look elsewhere to understand how they have impacted upon it. The C.E.O. of Sony BMG, Rolf Schimdt-Holtz, recalled how he needed to deliver some blunt messages to senior executives when restructuring the company, arguably a classic music industry monolithic structure. We had a situation where the executives thought they were artists., he pointed out. (16) Whilst this commentary may contain a good deal of invective, its terms are highly ill ustrative of the situation which featured throughout that industry. HMV was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and is at the consumer facing end of a business which relied on an oligopolistic control of output, effectively focusing the available capital on a limited range of products to ensure liquidity, margins and profitability. Although the dissolution of these barriers was not deliberately intended to undermine retailers like HMV, that is the net effect. Within certain variables, the empirical circumstances of this transformation were something like this. In the pre and semi digital age (i.e., the introduction of CDs), major record labels and their ancilliary sectors such as music retailers controlled both the means of production and distribution of the product. Through their AR departments, record company boardrooms controlled entry to the industry through control of investment capital, which they recouped through release of the product in terms distinctly advantageous to themselves. This rat io of returns was usually something like 97 per cent to 3 per cent in favour of the company. The artist meanwhile received substantially better terms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and the bulk of their earnings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" through the associated publishing arrangements. As well as sharing the vast majority of the income, the labels and retailers also accrued distinct advantages through control of the inventory: they could keep their costs down by limiting both the choice of the consumer over the products selected, and the way in which they could purchase their choice. This mechanism worked in two ways: instead of being distributed across an unlimited choice of products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" i.e., as many as wished to enter the marketplace, given that they had a viable product to offer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" consumers could buy only those products admitted to the market by the companies. This made retailing more viable and profitable, as well as making inventory-keeping and forecasting relative ly simple. Although there were always alternatives to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"monopolizedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ media, these were never as convenient, or of as good a quality, as those in the high street. As well as controlling the product, the manufacturer and retailer derived advantages from the way it was sold, over and above the media itself. In the parlance of supply chain analysts, this amounted to a lack of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bulk breakà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ facility, which meant that consumers had to buy the batches of products as they were marketed. In practical terms this meant paying a premium price for singles and stipulated rate for the undivided album product à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"another economy of scale for the vendor, another diseconomy of sale for the customer . To this had to be added the time the latter spent putting in the footfall business which their purchase required. Successive media changes had survived and even augmented these practices: for example, the advent of the CD brought the additional premium of customers renewing their vinyl purchases in the new medium to obtain better quality reproduction. As consumers were also acutely aware, the encryption of intellectual property in physical media meant there was a timescale attached to availability of specific products: they could not rely on their choice being available for very long, unless it fell into a very small category of products. The combination of digital technology and e.commerce has profoundly changed all of this: this is not to say that footfall business has disappeared, or that major record companies are not still dominant. However, it does mean that the future and form of both are in doubt, and with it, the future of businesses like HMV. Even the attempted re-interpretation of market dominance attempted by Appleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s i.Tunes has been relatively short lived, and curtailed by regulatory intervention. Apple said it had sold music at a higher price in the UK, because some major music labels charge more for distribution rights in the country. Music copyrights are negotiated on a country-by-country basis. It will now have to seek to renegotiate these deals, thanks to EC intervention. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Apple will reconsider its continuing relationship in the UK with any record label that does not lower its wholesale prices in the UK to the pan-European level within six monthsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, the company said. (17). Meanwhile, retailers like HMV may argue à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" quite correctly that CDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offer an overall better sound quality. The issue here is that no MP3 device manufacturer or download site has ever claimed aural superiority. More to the point, there is little evidence that consumers choose MP3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s on the basis of comparative sound quality So, the question which HMV needs to consider is whether are MP3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s merely sold on utility, or price? From the consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective, on e of the keys to MP3 utility is its physical media-free nature and flexibility. Individual tracks by different artists can be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bulk-brokenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ bought individually and more cheaply than if the entire album is purchased in CD form. DRM-governed tracks bought through i.Tunes downloads currently cost the U.K. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"downloaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ under a pound, whilst virtual albums retail on average for two-thirds of the CD cost. So far, HMVs response has been the introduction of lifestyle retail centres where customers can buy drinks, and then download music in a manner stipulated by the company. As Braithwaite observes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Perhaps symptomatic of HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s uncertain approach was the proposed download terminals. Instead of downloading music in the comfort of their own homes, consumers would be able to trek to an HMV store, download songs and burn them on to a CD à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" that once space-age circle of polycarbonate pl astic that looks ancient in the age of the iPod.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (18). One analyst has already dubbed this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (19). In conclusion then, it may be argued that HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current business model cannot be fixed, and the only redeeming feature of its current behaviour is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" albeit in a perverse manner à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" it seems to acknowledge this. The periodic reification of a now markedly vernacular practice merely demonstrates that there is enough life left in the declining giant to serve consumers, shareholders and employees with a diminishing set of benefits, whilst the real alternatives become clearer. Large footfall retailing outlets cannot regain control of intellectual property sales: these will be conducted virtually, and on an increasing scale. The internet has a tendency to encourage customers to analyse prices between manufacturers and suppliers before purchasing, although this seemed to leave the i.Tunes phenomenon unhindered. HMV is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"at long last, some might say à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" launching an MP3 digital download and stream offer on its website. (20). The opportunity for HMV is that there are still large parts of the market for which e.commerce is an unknown quantity. As Hooley et al. observe, e.commerce uptake may be differentiated into consumer categories, according to the attitude of the customer. There are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Explorers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" highly optimistic and innovative; Pioneers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the innovative but cautious: Skeptics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" who need to have the benefits of technology proved to them: Paranoids à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" those who are insecure about the technology; and Laggards à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" those who will resist the technologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. (21). There are enormous potential rewards for the retailer who can break down this barrier and secure the as yet untapped market share of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Skepticsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. It seems fair to argue that in all probability, HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s single greatest asset is its brand strength. That brand now needs to be attached to a new strategic model. As Mintzberg indicates , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Every strategic change involves some new experience, a step into the unknown, the taking of risk. Therefore no organization can ever be sure in advance whether an established competence will prove to be a strength or a weakness.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (22) What is certain however, is that change is a necessity rather than an option for HMV at present. Footnotes 1.)Braithwaite, T., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"HMV Chief has to face the music and danceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 13th Sept 2007, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a88d3096-6164-11dc-bf25-0000779fd2ac.html [viewed 5.12.08] 2.) Killgren, L., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"HMV lifted by in-home boomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 5 th Sept 2008, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1e67c51c-7b16-11dd-b1e2-000077b07658.html [viewed 5.12.08] 3.)Braithwaite (2007/, loc cit 4.)ibid 5.) Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., and Lampel, J., (1998), Strategy Safari: The Complete Guide Through the Wilds of Strategic Management, Prentice Hall, London, p.112 . 6.)Braithwaite (2007), loc cit. 7.)Killgren, loc cit. 8.) Braithwaite, T., and Stafford, P., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Games drive record HMV growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 17th January 2008, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/51199dae-c4ce-11dc-811a-0000779fd2ac.html [viewed 5.12.08] 9.) Braithwaite, T., and Minto, R., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"HMV targeted despite solid resultsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1400fea0-473f-11dd-93ca-000077b07658.html [viewed 5.12.08] 10.)Hooley, G., Saunders, J., and Piercy, N., (2004), Marketing Strategy and Competitive Position, 3rd Edit ion, Financial Times/Prentice Hall., p.515. 11.)Killgren, loc cit. 12.)Braithwaite and Stafford, loc cit. 13.)Killgren, loc.cit. 14.)Braithwaite and Minto, loc cit. 15.) Davoudi, S., and Braithwaite, T., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Collapse of Pinnacle puts independent music labels at riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 5th December 2008, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b2065150-c26d-11dd-a350-000077b07658.html [viewed 5.12.08] 16.) Edgeliffe-Johnson, A., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Radiohead release a tactic to lift CD salesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 11.10.07, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0a9c779a-7797-11dc-9de8-0000779fd2ac.html [viewed 5.12.08] 17.) Laitner, S., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Apple bows to EU pressure and reduces iTunes prices in the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 10th January 2008, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9ade53c8-bf1d-11dc-8c61-0000779fd2ac.html [viewed 5.12.08] 18.)Braithwaite, 2007, loc cit 19.) ibid. 20.)Killgren, loc.cit. 21.)Hooley et al. op.cit., p.493 22.)Mintzberg et al., op.cit, p.34 Bibliography Braithwaite, T., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"HMV Chief has to face the music and danceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 13th Sept 2007, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a88d3096-6164-11dc-bf25-0000779fd2ac.html [viewed 5.12.08] Braithwaite, T., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"HMV to target downloads marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 13th march 2007, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/1f047196-d13f-11db-b921-000b5df10621.html [viewed 5.12.08] Braithwaite, T., and Minto, R., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"HMV targeted despite solid resultsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1400fea0-473f-11dd-93ca-000077b07658.html [viewed 5.12.08] Braithwaite, T., and Salford, P., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Games drive record HMV growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 17th January 2008, INTERNET, available at https://w ww.ft.com/cms/s/0/51199dae-c4ce-11dc-811a-0000779fd2ac.html [viewed 5.12.08] Davoudi, S., and Braithwaite, T., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Collapse of Pinnacle puts independent music labels at riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 5th December 2008, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b2065150-c26d-11dd-a350-000077b07658.html [viewed 5.12.08] Edgecliffe-Johnson, A., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Radiohead MP3 release a tactic to lift CD sales.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Financial Times, 11.10.07, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0a9c779a-7797-11dc-9de8-0000779fd2ac.html [viewed 5.12.08] Epstein, M.J., (2004), Implementing E.Commerce Strategies: A Guide to Corporate Success after the Dot.Com Bust, Praeger, Westport Ct. Hamermesh, R.G., (1986), Making Strategy Work: How Senior Managers Produce Results, Wiley, New York. Hill, A., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Lombard: The way forward for UK Financial Investmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 26 Nov 2008, INTERNET, available at http s://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a43527c8-bbfa-11dd-80e9-0000779fd18c.html [viewed 5.12.08] Hooley, G., Saunders, J., and Piercy, N., (2004), Marketing Strategy and Competitive Position, 3rd Edition, Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Killgren, L., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"HMV lifted by in-home boomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 5th Sept 2008, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1e67c51c-7b16-11dd-b1e2-000077b07658.html [viewed 5.12.08] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" Edgecliffe-Johnson, A., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sony BMG chief to move on after review distractionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times 7.10.07, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3beb572a-7518-11dc-892d-0000779fd2ac.html, [viewed 5.12.08] Laitner, S., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Apple bows to EU pressure and reduces iTunes prices in the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 10th January 2008, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9ade53c8-bf1d-11dc-8c61-0000779fd2ac.html [viewed 5.12.08] Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B. , and Lampel, J., (1998), Strategy Safari: The Complete Guide Through the Wilds of Strategic Management, Prentice Hall, London. Stern, S., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ON MANAGEMENT STEFAN STERN: Why good strategic choices are going by the boardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¨Published: Oct 02, 2007, INTERNET, available at https://search.ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=strategic+managementy=5aje=truex=12id=071002000237ct=0, [viewed 5.12.08]. Stroud, D., (1998), Internet Strategies: A Corporate Guide to Exploiting the Internet Macmillan, Basingstoke. Whittington, R., (2002), What is Strategy and Does it Matter? Sage, London.

History of Nursing Essay - 825 Words

History of Nursing (Essay Sample) Content: NameStudent IDInstitutionInstructorDate Since the beginning of the world, people have cared for their loved ones during sickness. The nursing profession and the art of caring for sick people are integrated. Nurses jumped many huddles and confronted many problems before the world came to recognize their profession as an autonomous one with its own unique knowledge. The following essay is about the development and evolution of nursing as a profession from the time of Florence Nightingale. Florence Nightingale, born in Italy, is the founder of professional nursing in Britain (Seymar, 1960). Her contribution to professional nursing was significant during the Crimean war in 1854. She facilitated cleaning, scrubbing of the hospitals, and encouraged free flow of air into the hospital. Her contribution to reduction of mortalities in the British troops made her a hero in Britain. In honor of her contribution to the war, the British people set up a trust fund in her name, whi ch she used to start the first formal training school in Britain called the Nightingales school of nursing at the St Thomas Hospital in London (Seymar, 1960). The instructors in her school guided the students learning using a curriculum that included theory and clinical experiences (Seymar, 1960). Due to the schools success, many social reformers in America requested her to send them a trained nurse to set up a nursing school in their countries. In 1872, the Womens hospital of Philadelphia became the first permanent institution to start training nurses in America. In 1873 many more schools came up including, Bellevue Hospital Training School in New York City, Boston Training School in Massachusetts Hospital and the Connecticut hospital of New Haven. When the civil war broke out in America, there was no provision for military nurses (Larson, 1997). At that time, there were no trained nurses nor nursing schools. During the war, there were about 3000 nurses volunteers (Larson, 1997) . However, these nurses were not trained professionals but rather female relatives of the injured or women from catholic churches who remained to take care of the injured soldiers. The civil war laid the foundation for professional nursing in America (Larson, 1997). The nurses, who had cared for the sick during the war, realized the value of a formal education for nurses. The community also came to appreciate the work nurses did during the war (Larson, 1997). A few years after the end of the war, the head of the American Medical Association, Samuel Gross endorsed the formation of training schools for nursing (Larson, 1997). The concern for licensure in the late 19th century to distinguish the educated nurses from the informal ones led to the formation of the Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada, which later became the American Nurses Association (Mason, Isaacs, Colby, 2011). Later on, nurses in America formed the National League for Nursing to promote the educa tional standards for nursing. In mid-1960s, the American Nurses Association published a position paper that proposed the minimum entry level of professional nurses should be a degree (Mason, Isaacs, Colby, 2011). Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, the number of nurses enrolling for baccalaureate programs and schools offering the same remained few. Nurses were uncertain of the new programs, and the lecturers did not have the essential skills and knowledge to train others (Mason, Isaacs, Colby, 2011). In the early twentieth century, individual states started passing nursing practice acts that regulated training and education of nurses. The first states in America to form state nursing organizations to facilitate enacting of the nursing practice act included, Illinois, New York Virginia and New Jersey. By 1921, forty-eight states of America had passed laws that regulated professional nursing. In the beginning of the twentieth century, Goldmark Report of 1923 and Bur gess report of 1928 proposing that nurses should train in the universities (Pavey, 1953). After world war two, there was an acute shortage of nurses, which prompted the recruitment of men and married women into nursing. The technological advances of the midcentury increased the demand for baccalaureate nursing programs in the Universities (Pavey, 1953). Mildred Montag, in her dissertation, suggested the introduction of an Associate degree in nursing to cover the nursing shortage (Pavey, 1953). The masters degree programs expanded the roles of nurses. With the programs, nurses were able to specialize in new advanced practice roles. Some of the roles include clinical specialist, n...