Case study for The David Beckham Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Contextual investigation for The David Beckham Brand - Essay Example Beckham, wedded to ex-individual from the pop gathering Spice Girls’ Victoria Adams, got one of the most well known superstar couples of the time. They were appreciated by an immensely huge number of fans and were considered as design symbols for youth. Beckham’s most famous supports incorporate Pepsi, Vodafone, Nike, Brylcreem and Marks and Spencer. As indicated by (HUNTER, 2009, p34-36) the estimation of Beckham’s brand was evaluated to be more than 200 million pounds. Extraordinary promotion in media was made when Beckham got moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in 2003. In any case, this exchange was essentially a direct result of his business claim rather than his game abilities. In the accompanying report we will examine the purposes behind fruitful supports by Beckham, the qualities and the standards which were followed in the supports and which prompted those huge triumphs. In addition, the focal points and the weaknesses will be examined that organizations get from these supports. The instance of Real Madrid will be broke down profoundly and talked about in a different segment followed by the idea of superstar supports as a rule and the advantages that can be accomplished by VIP supports by an organization. There are commonly three explanations behind a client to purchase an embraced item or administration which are: nature of the result of administration, amount and cost of the item or administration and thirdly due to the endorser. David Beckham was looked for an enormous number of item or administration supports in the late 90s period and the start of 21st century. He was without a doubt one of the best endorsers of that time and the reasons of his prosperity were many. He was a snazzy soccer player as well as his ubiquity was expanded because of his marriage with a popular star Victoria of previous music band Spice Girls. His attractive features, lovely character and his outmaneuver execution in soccer had made him a style symbol for the young as well as

6 Steps For Building Your Author Mailing List

6 Steps For Building Your Author Mailing List 6 Steps for Building your Author Mailing List through Giveaways One of the fundamental inquiries that torment appearing writers is: how would I construct a group of people for my first book before I discharge it? Most creators know that they should begin assembling their creator mailing list a long time ahead of time, they just don’t know how. Of course, that’s more difficult than one might expect, particularly in the event that you haven’t distributed anything yet. Be that as it may, it’s not difficult to do, even while you’re composing your first book.Someone who has had some achievement around there is Derek Murphy. Derek has been a long-lasting companion of Reedsy, and been in the matter of distributing for many years currently (look at his cool site creativindie.com). He’s an incredible book creator and has helped a great deal of writers with their advertising endeavors. As of late, Derek chose to compose his first fiction book (a YA epic). In any case, before that, he needed to fabricate a group o f people for it. In a selective meeting with us, he clarifies how he had the option to manufacture a writer mailing rundown of 10,000 perusers, without any preparation, in under a week.â€Å"One of the most straightforward approaches to get a great deal of recruits rapidly is to offer free giveaways. It’s a lot simpler than attempting to assemble extraordinary substance that individuals share. I’ve been doing that for quite a while and it takes work. Regardless of whether it’s great you aren’t going to get that numerous offers or follows or enjoys. A challenge is extremely lovely powerful.† †Derek MurphyYou can watch the full meeting here, or read the post beneath where we dense the data into a decent bit by bit manage (on the grounds that that’s what we do!). Offer the meeting: Here's the manner by which to manufacture a writer mailing rundown of 10,000 perusers, without any preparation, in under seven days. 1. Set up your creator mailing list and make a mechanized email sequenceYour first undertaking is to set yourself up on Mailchimp. When you have made your record, an information exchange structure will appear. You can redo this structure, share it on your creator site, or any online life stages you have. Start little, joining loved ones and make a mechanized email succession for each new supporter who signs up.Maintain a solitary rundown of every one of your endorsers and portion it as per specific intrigue gatherings. This is so you can tailor your newslettersâ according to the prizes you bring to the table. Make a warm mechanized email arrangement that urges perusers to collaborate with you. 2. Settle on the â€Å"giveaway† Facebook Ads for Authors (with Mark Dawson) Understand post Target persuasive individuals in your type. This is Derek’s strategy: â€Å"I made an email rundown of possibly 500 book bloggers in my sort and all the ‘BookTubers’ who talk about and survey YA books on YouTube†¦ those are influencers, who have the traffic and stages as of now, so I email all them about the contest†.Facebook focused on promoting is another way to deal with consider. Drive up supporters of your creator mailing list by focused publicizing to gatherings, pages or individuals. Discover type explicit pages to post your promotions on so they are appeared to individuals who are probably going to enjoy the giveaway.â€Å"The pleasant thing about giveaways is that others share for you. I will do focused on Facebook publicizing to reach possibly a 1,000 people, and those individuals will share truly hard†¦ they will elevate the giveaway to all their friends...it’s not actually turning into a web sensation yet you get a lot of t raffic† †Derek MurphyThere are different stages you can advance your giveaway on, for example, StumbleUpon’s Paid Discovery, Reddit’s publicizing stage and advanced posts on Twitter. Also consider teaming up with different writers or individuals who are likewise parting with prizes. In the event that you do a common rivalry advancing both of your items, you are pooling the gets in touch with you both have, multiplying the potential for supporters. The pleasant thing about giveaways is that others share for you. †@Creativindie 5. Convert giveaway endorsers into a steadfast fanbaseThere is some analysis of building a creator mailing list through giveaways. All things considered, there is no assurance that endorsers will be keen on your work essentially in light of the fact that you are sans offering prizes. So how would you make a faithful fanbase from this?â€Å"Most creators are likely not utilizing the mailing list right. They are presumably parting with free stuff and afterward attempting to sell their book right away†¦ That’s not going to work. First you should teach them about what your identity is: they are pursuing free stuff, they don’t realize that I’m a creator yet. There are approaches to gradually acquaint them with that thought, and it’s not by selling them my book.† †Derek MurphyContinue with littler crusades, especially utilizing Gleam or Rafflecopter that connect to your writer blog and sites which supporters can peruse on the off chance that the y need to. This procedure needs to happen step by step as a backhanded method to acquaint your rundown with the reality you are an author.â€Å"I won’t attempt to offer my books to this list† says Derek. â€Å"I’m for the most part utilizing it for nothing downloads and book audits. On the off chance that I can part with a thousand duplicates of my book and I give them motivation to go download it and audit it I can most likely get two or three hundred surveys in the primary couple days of my launch†. Surveys are fundamental for the effective showcasing of a book. You should get a huge number of downloads to get several audits. You can't accomplish this in the event that you begin charging for your book too soon as a first-time writer. Your giveaway supporters won't be responsive to the 'hard sell'. Fabricate a relationship with them first. 6. Stay in contact with your fanbase regularlySend out a month to month bulletin to your writer mailing list, for example, ‘My top 10 books for December 2015’ so competitors continue opening your messages. Give a short audit of every one and an Amazon connect where they can purchase the book. This will likewise give you income through the Amazon subsidiary program.Eventually, contact your rundown letting them know there are no more giveaways. This will be a method of discovering where your actual fanbase lies. Regardless of whether most of individuals withdraw to your messages, the point is have 1,000-2,000 individuals who are truly keen on your work who will purchase your books later on. In the long run, clean upâ your list by telling your endorsers there are no more giveaways. ConclusionThere’s one thing we haven’t referenced at this point: costs. Parting with stuff isn't free, even more if you’re advancing the giveaway through publicizing. Derek’s crusade cost him around $600-700 (full breakdown here).This seems like a great deal. Be that as it may, it isn't phenomenal for creators to spend this sum on showcasing with no obviously characterized outcomes over an any longer timespan. The distinction with this methodology is after the underlying costs, you can right away reconnect with your endorsers for nothing later on. As we state in the meeting, â€Å"you manufacture your very own Bookbub list†.What areâ your methodologies for developing your writer mailing list? Have you at any point attempted giveaways? Tell us about your encounters, or ask Derek any inquiry, in the remarks underneath!

Building Relationships Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Building Relationships - Research Paper Example The partners of an instructive foundation not just incorporate the network of researchers working for the establishment yet in addition incorporate those working outside the organization. The better the connection between the leader of the establishment and the partners, improved will be the presentation of the foundation. The motivation behind this task is to assess the centrality of building associations with partners both inside and outside the higher instructive establishments. Despite the fact that there are numerous partners who contribute somehow or another or other for the accomplishment of an instructive foundation, yet in this paper the emphasis will be on two principle partners with whom the pioneer must work together: staff and sheets. The relationship-building process for the pioneers of instructive foundations depends on the conviction that cooperation is effective just when it is done at both individual and expert levels. Pioneers need to construct associations with the employees dependent on common interests. They have to distinguish shared objectives, just as the approaches to achieve those objectives. Pioneers need to see things from the faculty’s point of view all together think of appropriate arrangements with respect to developing or rose clashes and issues. Pioneers must realize the significance building up benevolent associations with the workforce since when staff will be liberated from administrative weight issue, they will show more consistency and devotion to their activity duties which will in the long run positively affect the general execution of the understudies. Positive associations with educators upgrade their degree of occupation fulfillment (Maele and Houtte, 2012, p. 879). Correspondence is the initial phase in the relationship building process with the staff. Pioneers need to consider all employees equivalent with the goal that the odds of separation get less however much as could reasonably be expected. Employees

The Protestant Ethic as a Driving Force of Capitalism According to Max Weber and His Book „the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”

The protestant ethic as a main impetus of free enterprise as indicated by Max Weber and his book „The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism† Maximilian Carl Emil â€Å"Max† Weber was a German humanist and a political financial analyst. His work on human science of religion is most likely what he is most popular for. He was attempting to see how religion †may affect financial morals regardless of the way that the two terms are once in a while related. His first work regarding the matter â€Å"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism† is most likely the piece which has characterized his profession as a sociologist.During the later 50% of the nineteenth century the world was starting to encounter fast and basic changes. The Second Industrial upheaval was quickly diminishing the typical cost for basic items, improving worldwide life guidelines. Logical discoveries and thoughts were prompting a quick advancement of prudent turn of events whi le individuals like Charles Darwin, Thomas Huxley and George Mendel were rethinking the very idea of man’s place on the planet. Individuals were starting to encourage their general surroundings in an alternate manner and it was quickly changing †a procedure which saw it’s end after the First World War.Compare and Contrast Driving in the Winter and Driving in the SummerDuring such a period when came out Weber’s â€Å"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism† in this present reality where the three greatest mechanical forces (The British Empire; the United States of America; The Second German Reich) were protestant it isn't difficult to comprehend why he considered Protestantism to be a factor for the commonness of certain nations over other. All through his book, Weber underscores that his record is inadequate. He isn't contending that Protestantism caused the free enterprise soul, but instead that it was one contributing variable. He likewis e recognizes that free enterprise itself affected the improvement of the strict ideas.The full story is significantly more intricate than Weber's halfway record, and Weber himself continually reminds his perusers about his own confinements. The book itself has a presentation and five parts. The initial three sections make up what Weber calls â€Å"The Problem. † The main section addresses â€Å"Religious Affiliation and Social Stratification,† the second â€Å"The Spirit of Capitalism,† and the third â€Å"Luther's Conception of the Calling and the Task of the Investigation. † The fourth and fifth parts make up â€Å"The Practical Ethics of the Ascetic Branches of Protestantism. The fourth section is about â€Å"The Religious Foundations of Worldly Asceticism,† and the fifth part is about â€Å"Asceticism and the Spirit of Capitalism. † The book isn't an investigation of the Protestant development in the Christian religion. It is progressiv ely a perception of how the thoughts it lectures have affected Capitalism. Protestantism started with The Protestant Reformation, likewise called the Protestant Revolt or just The Reformation, which was the European Christian change development that set up Protestantism as a constituent part of contemporary Christianity.It was driven by Martin Luther, John Calvin and different Protestants. Oneself depicted â€Å"reformers† (who â€Å"protested†) questioned the principles, customs and clerical structure of the Roman Catholic Church, and made new national Protestant temples. There were numerous littler bodies too. The most widely recognized dating starts in 1517 when Luther distributed â€Å"The Ninety-Five Theses†, and finishes up in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that finished long stretches of European strict wars. Protestantism offers an idea of the common â€Å"calling,† and gives common action a strict character.While significant, this by itself c an't disclose the need to seek after benefit. One part of Protestantism, Calvinism (built up by John Calvin from whom the name of the development infers), provides this clarification. Calvinists put stock in predestinationâ€that God has just figured out who is spared and who is accursed. As Calvinism created, a profound mental requirement for intimations about whether one was really spared emerged, and Calvinists looked to their accomplishment in common movement for those signs. In this manner, they came to esteem benefit and material accomplishment as indications of God's favor.Other strict gatherings, for example, the Pietists, Methodists, and the Baptist orders had comparative mentalities to a lesser degree. Weber contends this new demeanor separated the customary financial framework, making ready for present day free enterprise. Having at the top of the priority list the sum total of what which has been said so far Max Weber concluded that the Protestant ethic was the main th rust behind free enterprise and the affordable and social advancement in the nations which were the authors of the strict development. Talking from a carefully chronicled perspective the Reformation had its primary impact in effectively created urban areas and states.Thus it could be consistent with state that the Protestant development was just an outcome from a previously creating entrepreneur framework. This, in any case, prompts the subject of why, during the Protestant Reformation, the locale that were most financially evolved were likewise generally good for a transformation. The facts demonstrate that opportunity from financial customs may make one bound to likewise question strict conventions. In any case, the Reformation didn't take out the impact of the Church, yet rather subbed one impact for another that was all the more mediating in the lives of its devotees. The transformation isn't a suspension of Church predominance over life yet rather a change to an alternate sort of strength. † This might be the situation in protestant nations however this doesn't consider that after the Reformation there can be seen a move of intensity in Europe structure Catholic states like Spain, Italy and France to Protestant states, for example, England, the Netherlands, Germany and Scotland. Weber starts his examination with an inquiry: What about Western human advancement has made it the main progress to build up certain social marvels to which we like to property widespread worth and significance?Only in the West does science that we think about substantial exist. While experimental information and perception exist somewhere else in science, history, workmanship and design, they do not have the â€Å"rational, deliberate and specialized† technique of the West. Specifically, the improvement of administration and the prepared authority are one of a kind toward the West, similar to the cutting edge sound state. Weber makes a qualification in his work among private enterprise and present day free enterprise. For him free enterprise has existed since old occasions and instances of private enterprise can be found in Egypt, Babylon, India and China.In this classification he incorporates various open doors which are of incidental and nonsensical character and are connected with brisk collection of riches. Such arbitrary events are exercises like cash loaning, state agreements and state financing, charge ransoms, settlement abuse and syndication, benefitting from wars, upsets, ideological groups and so on. These structures vary from present day private enterprise due to their theoretical nature and the utilization of irregular possibilities for benefit. As indicated by Weber the particular key purposes of present day private enterprise are: A make progress toward a uninterruptedly tedious benefit, †¢Achieving of benefit through â€Å"peaceful odds of exchange† and not through viciousness and hostility; †¢The rise of the ba sically â€Å"bourgeoisie creation capitalism† with its objective association of the free soul This new structure is â€Å"the balanced industrialist association of (officially) free work. † This structure reflects normal modern association, the partition of business from the family unit and reasonable accounting. In any case, at last these things are just huge in their relationship with the free enterprise association of work. Accurate calculationâ€the premise of everything elseâ€is just conceivable based on free work. † Weber says that we should attempt to comprehend what it was about the West that supported the specialized usage of logical information through things like accounting. Essentially, we should ask where the levelheaded law and organization of the West originated from. For what reason didn't the political, aesthetic, logical or monetary improvement of different nations follow a similar way of rationalization?Weber makes an association between the Protestant ethic which was acknowledged after the Reformation procedure in Europe and financial advancement utilizing this meaning of â€Å"modern capitalism† Weber gives out an itemized investigation of measurable information which mirror the social delineation among Protestants and Catholics. The examination was directed utilizing data assembled from nations of blended strict organization †Germany, Austria and the Netherlands and he utilizes it to deduct that proprietors and business pioneers, just as the higher gifted workers and faculty, are overwhelmingly Protestant.Weber additionally says that however it may be felt that the more noteworthy support of Protestants in private enterprise is because of their more prominent acquired riches, this doesn't clarify all the marvels. For instance, Catholic and Protestant guardians will in general give their kids various sorts of instruction. While most Catholics incline toward philanthropic instruction, Protestants who as indicated by Weber are set themselves up for a bourgeoisie lifestyle favor increasingly material training so as to ace explicit abilities related with mechanical control. He clarifies this with the distinction in early upbringing.Catholics likewise have to a greater degree a propensity than Protestants to remain in handiworks as opposed to go into industry. This proposes their condition has decided the decision of occupation. This appears to be all the more probable since one would ordinarily anticipate

Business Process Workflow Management Business Essay

Business Process Workflow Management Business Essay Business process the executives is significant for both existing and new organizations. BPM is otherwise called Business Process Reengineering. It is a lot of between related assignments that assist organizations with expanding their current business procedures and adapt to future operational and authoritative changes. A proficient business process sets aside and makes cash for an association. Work process, in its exceptionally fundamental sense, is a usage of the responses to the inquiries that emerge in a business procedure. Work process responds to the inquiries, who? What? Furthermore, When? in a business procedure. It is the development of records or undertakings through a work procedure. Business process work process the board is a fundamental component in sorting out an assortment of business undertakings and procedures with the goal that the business can be profited all in all. Work process the board frameworks extend from the essential exercises of a business to a great many complex highlights. Work process the executives enables business supervisors to play out a great deal of fluctuating capacities relying upon the requirements of the association. Various organizations have distinctive work process the board needs to perform fluctuated capacities for them. A few organizations need work process the board for arranging information accessible on the net; some need them for overseeing different business exchanges while some need them for sorting out and isolating all the archives of a venture. Work process the executives is useful to a wide range of business independent of their size. It causes them characterize and spot different procedures that will help increment proficiency over the long haul. Business process work process the board assists with characterizing, make, execute and oversee different procedures inside the association itself and improve business-to-business exchanges to boost efficiency. It encourages changes in the endeavor that are required for its improvement and augmentation of yield and benefits in the base time conceivable. It additionally helps an association in spotting existing wasteful aspects by keeping a consistent beware of their workers efficiency. BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT JOURNALS Business process the board is actualized to improve the adequacy and effectiveness of an undertaking via computerizing its business forms. The key consider included picking a BPM arrangement is to pick one that will fit the association in all circumstances, as conditions administering a business will in general change with vacillations in economic situations. It isn't possible for an association to change its BPM as and when circumstances change. Business re-building can mean genuine difficulty particularly when applied by individuals who don't get it. There are instances of thousands of associations that were running into misfortunes yet thusly, accomplished exceptional benefits because of very much oversaw BPM ventures. The way in to the achievement of these organizations lay in applying BPM to their key business forms. Business process the board diaries assume a key job in making representatives mindful of the predominant business conditions and how to adjust to these progressions by applying the correct re-designing and procedure change ventures. BPM diaries are the superior channel for apprentices, specialists and analysts to secure driving edge data identified with current improvements in BPM ideas, practices, devices and advances. It is a helping help for understudies considering BPM related zones and advisors who help associations in overseeing forms. They likewise give valuable articles that emphasis on quality and pertinence. BPM diaries give data about creating business process the executives programs. They convey articles on various business exercises that influence business productivity and adequacy. It gives data on combination and the executives of different exercises that help in having an edge over the contenders. Infrequently, there exists a hole in seeing how to drive effectiveness through a BPM approach despite the fact that one realizes how to deal with the different exchanges. BPM diaries help understanding the different BPM capacities and assists loading up with increasing the holes for genuine business execution. Some BPM diaries give bits of knowledge into best practice the executives of key procedures. These diaries keep up a consistent up date of all progressions made in the business field and representing the useful materialness of these through different contextual analyses and models. They additionally give tips on the best way to oversee business forms most viably. BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE SOLUTION Business process the executives centers around the mechanization and normalization of existing and future business forms. BPM is the way to boosting an associations income, quality and react to clients needs continuously by diminishing business process issues. BPM apparatuses and procedures have been consistently picking up in prevalence and use in numerous organizations. In todays worldwide business condition, the requirement for mechanization of different business forms, nonstop development and adaptability is turning numerous endeavors to go for BPM. BPM programming helps in comprehension and streamlining the intricate procedure of business the board. It helps in perceiving the different wellsprings of wasteful aspects in an organization. There are a couple of key factors that must be remembered while choosing BPM programming. One of these elements is the degree of specialized help gave by the seller. To maintain a strategic distance from any specialized problems at a later stage, it is fundamental to talk with the client care focal point of the product organization before picking the BPM programming arrangement. This ought to be finished thinking about the necessities and prerequisites of the business. BPM programming that fits in with a companys business should be resolved before picking a BPM programming arrangement. A similar programming sometimes falls short for a wide range of organizations. Recognition with the product introduced is of most extreme significance. Adequate time ought to be given to this action of getting pre pared in utilizing the product. BPM programming with highlights that are not utilized is an outright misuse of assets and time in light of the fact that the principle reason for BPM programming is utilizing least time and cash and expanding benefit over the long haul. A few magazines and surveys are accessible online to give significant data in regards to BPM programming arrangements. BPM programming offers focal points of adaptability and cost investment funds over all fields of business and usability in the business world today. The target ought to be to guarantee fast rate of profitability and potential for long haul development. A GUIDE TO BUSINESS PROCESS MANAGEMENT Business Process Management (BPM) enables an association in adjusting to changing conditions in the market to put in order to stay serious. BPM is otherwise called Business Process Reengineering. An all around planned BPM framework can enable an endeavor to run productively and viably, move as indicated by the companys guidelines, and spot wasteful aspects in the business exercises and bottlenecks to the smooth progression of work. BPM frameworks help in perceiving certain circumstances that may present difficulty later on. They upgrade the general quality and amount of the different administrations and items being given by the association. BPM can be incredibly valuable to representatives and top chiefs of an endeavor. It helps the top administrators in checking business exercises and worker efficiency. It is useful to the representatives as it diminishes their working hours. It likewise enables an association in maintaining the administrative guidelines and guidelines to set for the business world. A decent BPM helps an association in staying away from the missteps it has made previously. It causes in business-to-business exchanges. There are a great deal of BPM guides accessible which can coordinate a venture towards the correct decision of BPM with the goal that it can utilize all the advantages of BPM. These aides help in understanding different BPM frameworks that can be utilized by the necessities and prerequisites of various organizations. It shows how most extreme benefits can be gotten out of constrained assets. The changing circumstance of business is the key factor to be thought of while picking a BPM framework. BPM framework ought to be valuable in all circumstances, which influence the business. This is on the grounds that the framework can't be changed as when the economic situations change. The effectiveness of the organization would be antagonistically influenced if BPM frameworks were not changed as per evolving conditions. BPM advancements increment an undertakings potential to offer quality administrations to its esteemed clients in any event cost. .

HMVs business model - Free Essay Example

Title: What Is the Real à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Business Modelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Here, (And More Importantly, How Do We Fix It)? HMV (UK): 2750 words. This paper examines the business model à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and its associated problems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" of HMV, the 87 year old music retailer which, in the estimation of many, has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦failed to adapt to a digital revolution in the music industry.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1) HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s basic business model is that of a classic non-discounting high street retailer, with all the supply chain, distribution and marketing dimensions which are contingent upon that status. Like all similar businesses, it sells intellectual property (music, books, games, software) on the assumption that it is a unique portal, through which customers must obtain the product in the form offered. Its business issues are almost all intrinsically related to this identity, and the possible solutions prescribed and limited by th e same factors. It says much about HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current prospects that a 3p fall in share values to 128p is seen as relatively encouraging: (2) whilst it is true that retail groups are hardly leading the stock markets at present, there are deeper and more long term problems to consider in the case of a UK music retailer such as HMV. Very little of its current difficulties are of its own design à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" unless a lack of responsiveness is taken into account. Sales of its staple product, music, are in general decline, as Braithwaite reports: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Enders Analysis, the media research company, predicts that global music sales by 2009 will be half their level at the peak of the CD boom, down from $45bn in 1997 to $23bn in 2009.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (3) In HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own assessment, the sales of physical music media may decline in value by as much as 26 per cent by 2010. (4). The contemporary financial and credit crisis is another, quite justifiable claim which HMV could make to aggrieved status. A critique of its underlaying business model reveals, however, that this is not the total picture. HMV is linked structurally to relations of production which, though not quite defunct, have certainly acquired a new form and balance over the last 10 years. Although the relationships which underpinned the latter were not of HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s making, it was in effect a net beneficiary of them. What is remarkable is that, to an extent greater than any other market participant, it has adhered to and even sought to re-invent the same paradigms in it current business model. As Mintzberg points out, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦there are dangers in looking to the future by extrapolating the needs of the present, in relying excessively on hard data, and in over-formalizing the strategy making process.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (5) The resolution of HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s problems may ultimately lay in the operation of the market itself. As i ts own CEO has averred, a declining business and market may still yield worthwhile profits, as indeed HMV sometimes still does. (6). Moreover, there is plenty of independent analyst support as collateral for this position. As Philip Dorgan of Panmure Gordon points out, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Instead of waiting for its business model to implode, management has launched several initiatives which could yet see the shorts proved wrong.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (7) Nick Bubb, analyst at Pali International, has been no less generous, reportedly stating that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The business has seen an amazing turnround from a year ago when HMV seemed doomed and management must get some credit for the operational initiatives which have moved things forward.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (8). This is encouragement indeed for a business which has been on the receiving end of market pressure for at least as long as its current CEO, Simon Fox, has been in charge. In July 2008 the Financial Times dubbed it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the most shorted stock in the retailing sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ when it fell 17p to 112.5p, adding that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦analysts continued to voice concerns about the groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to prosper in the digital age.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (9) Ultimately however the outcome is still perhaps in little doubt, except with regard to its timescale. The question is whether or not HMV can turn the architects of its demise à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" digital music downloads and e.commerce à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" to its own advantage, or whether it will retain its existing mindset. Perhaps one indication of this lays in Hooley et al.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s assessment of what the internet implies in customer relationships. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A significant feature of the Internet is the shift in power away from manufacturers and retailers towards customers. While the period to the middle of the twentieth century saw power concentrated in the hands of manufacturers and suppliersthe customer now t ypically initiates an information search, whereas in the past the manufacturer or the retailer initiated and controlled this.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢(10) The key words here are power and control, as will be discussed more fully below. At the time of writing, HMV is enjoying an uncharacteristically successful period through the popularity of computer games such as Grand Theft Auto IV, Wii Fit, Mario Kart and Brain Training, and anticipates a Christmas bonus through sales of the Sony PSP console, Fifa 09 and Gears of War. (11). As Braithwaite and Stafford point out, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The games business, which now represents about 18 per cent of sales, saw demand for both consoles and games soar over the holiday period. HMV has sought to deal with the dwindling market for CDs by refocusing on video games, DVDs and technology products such as MP3 music players.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (12). Its diversification into books via acquisition of Waterstones has not been quite so productive: like-for-like sales are down 1.7 per cent despite availability of the latest Harry Potter opus (13). Indeed, much depends upon the festive season for HMV: the planned supply chain improvements are being deferred to avoid any teething problems over the holidays, whilst expenditure on its projected 10 new stores has been decreased from  £100 to  £50. (14). The general environment is not encouraging, however. In the run-up to the peak sales period, one of HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s suppliers, Pinnacle Entertainment, went into administration, raising doubts over the supply of albums for eager Christmas shoppers. (15). Despite this, and the fact that ex-Woolworthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stock will now be sold off in competition with its own offerings, HMV is hoping to repeat or exceed last yearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life-giving infusion of revenue again in 2008. The essential point here is that any resurgence achieved through computer games and the like, merely serves to emphasize HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â €ž ¢s conventional business model as a retailer of particular products with a strong niche market. If Grand Theft Auto IV were suddenly available in downloadable form, HMV would have to seek another revenue stream quickly: in fact, it seems fair to say that, until it moves away from its current business model, its profitability only begins where the advance of digital technology stops. Somewhere in this elastic equation lays the future of businesses like HMV. As mentioned above, the business issues are not essentially of HMVs making: we need to look elsewhere to understand how they have impacted upon it. The C.E.O. of Sony BMG, Rolf Schimdt-Holtz, recalled how he needed to deliver some blunt messages to senior executives when restructuring the company, arguably a classic music industry monolithic structure. We had a situation where the executives thought they were artists., he pointed out. (16) Whilst this commentary may contain a good deal of invective, its terms are highly ill ustrative of the situation which featured throughout that industry. HMV was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and is at the consumer facing end of a business which relied on an oligopolistic control of output, effectively focusing the available capital on a limited range of products to ensure liquidity, margins and profitability. Although the dissolution of these barriers was not deliberately intended to undermine retailers like HMV, that is the net effect. Within certain variables, the empirical circumstances of this transformation were something like this. In the pre and semi digital age (i.e., the introduction of CDs), major record labels and their ancilliary sectors such as music retailers controlled both the means of production and distribution of the product. Through their AR departments, record company boardrooms controlled entry to the industry through control of investment capital, which they recouped through release of the product in terms distinctly advantageous to themselves. This rat io of returns was usually something like 97 per cent to 3 per cent in favour of the company. The artist meanwhile received substantially better terms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" and the bulk of their earnings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" through the associated publishing arrangements. As well as sharing the vast majority of the income, the labels and retailers also accrued distinct advantages through control of the inventory: they could keep their costs down by limiting both the choice of the consumer over the products selected, and the way in which they could purchase their choice. This mechanism worked in two ways: instead of being distributed across an unlimited choice of products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" i.e., as many as wished to enter the marketplace, given that they had a viable product to offer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" consumers could buy only those products admitted to the market by the companies. This made retailing more viable and profitable, as well as making inventory-keeping and forecasting relative ly simple. Although there were always alternatives to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"monopolizedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ media, these were never as convenient, or of as good a quality, as those in the high street. As well as controlling the product, the manufacturer and retailer derived advantages from the way it was sold, over and above the media itself. In the parlance of supply chain analysts, this amounted to a lack of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bulk breakà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ facility, which meant that consumers had to buy the batches of products as they were marketed. In practical terms this meant paying a premium price for singles and stipulated rate for the undivided album product à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"another economy of scale for the vendor, another diseconomy of sale for the customer . To this had to be added the time the latter spent putting in the footfall business which their purchase required. Successive media changes had survived and even augmented these practices: for example, the advent of the CD brought the additional premium of customers renewing their vinyl purchases in the new medium to obtain better quality reproduction. As consumers were also acutely aware, the encryption of intellectual property in physical media meant there was a timescale attached to availability of specific products: they could not rely on their choice being available for very long, unless it fell into a very small category of products. The combination of digital technology and e.commerce has profoundly changed all of this: this is not to say that footfall business has disappeared, or that major record companies are not still dominant. However, it does mean that the future and form of both are in doubt, and with it, the future of businesses like HMV. Even the attempted re-interpretation of market dominance attempted by Appleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s i.Tunes has been relatively short lived, and curtailed by regulatory intervention. Apple said it had sold music at a higher price in the UK, because some major music labels charge more for distribution rights in the country. Music copyrights are negotiated on a country-by-country basis. It will now have to seek to renegotiate these deals, thanks to EC intervention. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Apple will reconsider its continuing relationship in the UK with any record label that does not lower its wholesale prices in the UK to the pan-European level within six monthsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, the company said. (17). Meanwhile, retailers like HMV may argue à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" quite correctly that CDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s offer an overall better sound quality. The issue here is that no MP3 device manufacturer or download site has ever claimed aural superiority. More to the point, there is little evidence that consumers choose MP3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s on the basis of comparative sound quality So, the question which HMV needs to consider is whether are MP3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s merely sold on utility, or price? From the consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perspective, on e of the keys to MP3 utility is its physical media-free nature and flexibility. Individual tracks by different artists can be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"bulk-brokenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ bought individually and more cheaply than if the entire album is purchased in CD form. DRM-governed tracks bought through i.Tunes downloads currently cost the U.K. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"downloaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ under a pound, whilst virtual albums retail on average for two-thirds of the CD cost. So far, HMVs response has been the introduction of lifestyle retail centres where customers can buy drinks, and then download music in a manner stipulated by the company. As Braithwaite observes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Perhaps symptomatic of HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s uncertain approach was the proposed download terminals. Instead of downloading music in the comfort of their own homes, consumers would be able to trek to an HMV store, download songs and burn them on to a CD à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" that once space-age circle of polycarbonate pl astic that looks ancient in the age of the iPod.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (18). One analyst has already dubbed this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (19). In conclusion then, it may be argued that HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s current business model cannot be fixed, and the only redeeming feature of its current behaviour is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" albeit in a perverse manner à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" it seems to acknowledge this. The periodic reification of a now markedly vernacular practice merely demonstrates that there is enough life left in the declining giant to serve consumers, shareholders and employees with a diminishing set of benefits, whilst the real alternatives become clearer. Large footfall retailing outlets cannot regain control of intellectual property sales: these will be conducted virtually, and on an increasing scale. The internet has a tendency to encourage customers to analyse prices between manufacturers and suppliers before purchasing, although this seemed to leave the i.Tunes phenomenon unhindered. HMV is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"at long last, some might say à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" launching an MP3 digital download and stream offer on its website. (20). The opportunity for HMV is that there are still large parts of the market for which e.commerce is an unknown quantity. As Hooley et al. observe, e.commerce uptake may be differentiated into consumer categories, according to the attitude of the customer. There are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Explorers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" highly optimistic and innovative; Pioneers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the innovative but cautious: Skeptics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" who need to have the benefits of technology proved to them: Paranoids à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" those who are insecure about the technology; and Laggards à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" those who will resist the technologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. (21). There are enormous potential rewards for the retailer who can break down this barrier and secure the as yet untapped market share of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Skepticsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. It seems fair to argue that in all probability, HMVà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s single greatest asset is its brand strength. That brand now needs to be attached to a new strategic model. As Mintzberg indicates , à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Every strategic change involves some new experience, a step into the unknown, the taking of risk. Therefore no organization can ever be sure in advance whether an established competence will prove to be a strength or a weakness.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (22) What is certain however, is that change is a necessity rather than an option for HMV at present. Footnotes 1.)Braithwaite, T., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"HMV Chief has to face the music and danceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 13th Sept 2007, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a88d3096-6164-11dc-bf25-0000779fd2ac.html [viewed 5.12.08] 2.) Killgren, L., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"HMV lifted by in-home boomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 5 th Sept 2008, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1e67c51c-7b16-11dd-b1e2-000077b07658.html [viewed 5.12.08] 3.)Braithwaite (2007/, loc cit 4.)ibid 5.) Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., and Lampel, J., (1998), Strategy Safari: The Complete Guide Through the Wilds of Strategic Management, Prentice Hall, London, p.112 . 6.)Braithwaite (2007), loc cit. 7.)Killgren, loc cit. 8.) Braithwaite, T., and Stafford, P., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Games drive record HMV growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 17th January 2008, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/51199dae-c4ce-11dc-811a-0000779fd2ac.html [viewed 5.12.08] 9.) Braithwaite, T., and Minto, R., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"HMV targeted despite solid resultsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1400fea0-473f-11dd-93ca-000077b07658.html [viewed 5.12.08] 10.)Hooley, G., Saunders, J., and Piercy, N., (2004), Marketing Strategy and Competitive Position, 3rd Edit ion, Financial Times/Prentice Hall., p.515. 11.)Killgren, loc cit. 12.)Braithwaite and Stafford, loc cit. 13.)Killgren, loc.cit. 14.)Braithwaite and Minto, loc cit. 15.) Davoudi, S., and Braithwaite, T., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Collapse of Pinnacle puts independent music labels at riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 5th December 2008, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b2065150-c26d-11dd-a350-000077b07658.html [viewed 5.12.08] 16.) Edgeliffe-Johnson, A., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Radiohead release a tactic to lift CD salesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 11.10.07, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0a9c779a-7797-11dc-9de8-0000779fd2ac.html [viewed 5.12.08] 17.) Laitner, S., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Apple bows to EU pressure and reduces iTunes prices in the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 10th January 2008, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9ade53c8-bf1d-11dc-8c61-0000779fd2ac.html [viewed 5.12.08] 18.)Braithwaite, 2007, loc cit 19.) ibid. 20.)Killgren, loc.cit. 21.)Hooley et al. op.cit., p.493 22.)Mintzberg et al., op.cit, p.34 Bibliography Braithwaite, T., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"HMV Chief has to face the music and danceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 13th Sept 2007, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a88d3096-6164-11dc-bf25-0000779fd2ac.html [viewed 5.12.08] Braithwaite, T., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"HMV to target downloads marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 13th march 2007, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/1f047196-d13f-11db-b921-000b5df10621.html [viewed 5.12.08] Braithwaite, T., and Minto, R., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"HMV targeted despite solid resultsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1400fea0-473f-11dd-93ca-000077b07658.html [viewed 5.12.08] Braithwaite, T., and Salford, P., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Games drive record HMV growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 17th January 2008, INTERNET, available at https://w ww.ft.com/cms/s/0/51199dae-c4ce-11dc-811a-0000779fd2ac.html [viewed 5.12.08] Davoudi, S., and Braithwaite, T., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Collapse of Pinnacle puts independent music labels at riskà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 5th December 2008, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b2065150-c26d-11dd-a350-000077b07658.html [viewed 5.12.08] Edgecliffe-Johnson, A., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Radiohead MP3 release a tactic to lift CD sales.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Financial Times, 11.10.07, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/0a9c779a-7797-11dc-9de8-0000779fd2ac.html [viewed 5.12.08] Epstein, M.J., (2004), Implementing E.Commerce Strategies: A Guide to Corporate Success after the Dot.Com Bust, Praeger, Westport Ct. Hamermesh, R.G., (1986), Making Strategy Work: How Senior Managers Produce Results, Wiley, New York. Hill, A., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Lombard: The way forward for UK Financial Investmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 26 Nov 2008, INTERNET, available at http s://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/a43527c8-bbfa-11dd-80e9-0000779fd18c.html [viewed 5.12.08] Hooley, G., Saunders, J., and Piercy, N., (2004), Marketing Strategy and Competitive Position, 3rd Edition, Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Killgren, L., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"HMV lifted by in-home boomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 5th Sept 2008, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1e67c51c-7b16-11dd-b1e2-000077b07658.html [viewed 5.12.08] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" Edgecliffe-Johnson, A., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sony BMG chief to move on after review distractionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times 7.10.07, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/3beb572a-7518-11dc-892d-0000779fd2ac.html, [viewed 5.12.08] Laitner, S., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Apple bows to EU pressure and reduces iTunes prices in the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, 10th January 2008, INTERNET, available at https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9ade53c8-bf1d-11dc-8c61-0000779fd2ac.html [viewed 5.12.08] Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B. , and Lampel, J., (1998), Strategy Safari: The Complete Guide Through the Wilds of Strategic Management, Prentice Hall, London. Stern, S., à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"ON MANAGEMENT STEFAN STERN: Why good strategic choices are going by the boardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Financial Times, ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¨Published: Oct 02, 2007, INTERNET, available at https://search.ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=strategic+managementy=5aje=truex=12id=071002000237ct=0, [viewed 5.12.08]. Stroud, D., (1998), Internet Strategies: A Corporate Guide to Exploiting the Internet Macmillan, Basingstoke. Whittington, R., (2002), What is Strategy and Does it Matter? Sage, London.

History of Nursing Essay - 825 Words

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The Election Of A Black President - 876 Words

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Harding held a â€Å"Colored Voters Day.† He pandered to black people stating that blacks should not be lynched and if the military could not stop segregation in the military American is no democracy. Once he was elected with the help of black people he essentially abandoned all the promises he made to this voting block. This was one of the many promises made to help the betterment of Black people that did not come into fruition. In the1928 presidential election neither major political party made an effort to get black votes. Economic times had begun to worsen on the blackShow MoreRelatedHope And Change : The First African American President Of The United States1091 Words   |  5 PagesHope and Change? History was made in 2008. The first African American was elected President of the United States. In Barack Obama’s acceptance speech he described his election as a defining moment and one that would bring change to America. Has that change come? 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Most people have a very strong opinion about whom they think should win, and very few don’t care at all. The months before an election you would have to be both blind and deaf if you didn’t know the election was going on. Signs banners etc are all over peoples’ front yards, it’s all they talk about on TV and radio, and debates and discussions are started within classrooms. The election in 2008 was a very big deal. AmericaRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1162 Words   |  5 Pagesended, President Lincoln already began the restoration. He was wanting to build a strong Republican party in the South and to end the madness caused by war, he issued a proclamation of reconstruction for those areas of the Confederacy occupied by the Union. It offered pardon, with certain exceptions, to any Confederate who would swear to support the Constitution and the Union. Once a group in any conquered state equal in numbe r to one tenth of that state s total vote in the presidential election of

Essay on Police and Corruption - 1393 Words

Police and Corruption The police. Twenty-four hours a day, three hundred sixty-five days a year, this division of our government has a mandate to enforce the criminal law and preserve public peace. Understood in this mandate is an obligation to police everyday life matters that originate in the daily lives and activities of citizens within their community. Police interact in some form with the average citizen more often than any other government official. In society today the police play a key role in maintaining a civil society. This role assumes a substantial amount of power and authority over the general public. With power comes corruption and/or misuse of power. The question that is presented is, how and why do the police†¦show more content†¦That also leads to the fact that citizens who behave antagonistically towards an officer are more likely to be arrested than those who are civil or very differential. Donald J. Black reported in â€Å"Police control of Juveniles†, American sociolo gical Review February 1970, that when Complaints are present 72 percent of adults who behave antagonistically toward the police are arrested in the field while only 45 percent who are civil and 40 percent who are differential toward the police are arrested. This is an obvious misuse of discretion. When a police officer treats a citizen antagonistically there is not much the citizen can do, but when it is the citizen acting antagonistically it more than likely will be a determination of guilt. When a police officers judgment is constantly questioned and his sense of justice is not validated he may lose his commitment to the system. Police are often alienated in the criminal justice system, in a sense there status is demeaned by the decisions of lawyers and judges. They are treated as less of a professional. To see a person who in the officers discretion was guilty be released time after time, it is difficult for the officer to keep his commitment to the system. â€Å"Where moral commitment is lost, subcultural practices take over. One such practice that exacerbates the relationship of the police with the public is harassment† (Reiss, p.138) Therefore police create their ownShow MoreRelatedThe Corruption Of Police Corruption1484 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerning police officers, police corruption has become a major topic. Police officers seem to be making more questionable and unethical decisions according to the media. With these questionable actions, the idea that police officers are corrupt has been a steadily growing opinion. I will be focusing this literature review on the history of police corruption, mostly in major cities/countries; the nature of police corruption; the ethics involved in law enforcement; causes for police corruption and finallyRead MorePolice Corruption And Corruption1538 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen around for as long as the police have, is corruption. Police corruption has been defined as the abuse of police authority for personal gain (Police Corruption and Misconduct. Wests Ency clopedia of American Law, edition 2. 2008. The Gale Group 4 Dec. 2017) . Corruption can be as limited as one officer, or can be group of officers as well. There is the rotten apple theory, which attempts to explain police corruption and where it comes from. While all corruption fits under abuse of authorityRead MorePolice Corruption969 Words   |  4 PagesPolice Corruption Second Essay for AJ 101 Krystal Lamas Victor Valley Community College Author Note This paper was prepared for AJ 101 for Mr. Ronald M. Field .M.A. Abstract Police corruption is a complex issue. Police corruption or the abuse of authority by a police officer, acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants, is a growing problem in the United States today. Things such as an Internal Affairs department, a strong leadership organization, and community support are justRead MorePolice corruption770 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition of Police corruption is a specific form of police misconduct designed to obtain financial gain, other personal gain, or career advancement for a police officer or officers in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest. One common form of police corruption is taking bribes in exchange for not reporting organized drug or prostitution rings or other illegal activities. Another example is police officers misusing the police code of conductRead MorePolice Corruption968 Words   |  4 Pageselection law violations; (13) corruption of public officials; (14) copyright violations; (15) computer crimes; (16) environmental crimes; and (17) receiving stolen property This assignment requires us to write a paper on a form of white-collar crime that we feel is the must dangerous form and why. I feel the most dangerous form of white-collar crime is police corruption, which is also defined as public corruption. Public or police corruption is defined as; Public corruption involves a breach of publicRead MorePolice Corruption1032 Words   |  5 Pages In Edwin J. Deltarres book Character and Cops he explores three hypotheses for police corruption in the United States. Some are somewhat historical, but they are still relevant to the problem of corruption today. The first hypothesis is called the society at-large theory by former Chicago Police Superintendent O. W. Wilson. Wilson was superintendent of the Chicago Police Department during the early nineteen sixties. The second hypothesis is called the structural theory. The thirdRead MorePolice Corruption2291 Words   |  10 Pagesand discretion in police work produces great potential for abuse. Police corruption has been a problem in American society since the early days of policing. An ancient natural tendency of human beings is to attempt to placate or win over those in positions of authority over them. This tendency is complicated in today’s materialistic society by greed and by the personal and financial benefit to be derived from evading law. The temptations toward illegality offered to police range from freeRead MorePolice Corruption2879 Words   |  12 PagesStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy corruption is defined as the abuse of power by a public official for private gain. Police corruption is the abuse of power by a police officer for their own personal gain. Police officers become corrupt mainly for monetary gain because most feel that police officers do not make enough money and they want to make more. Police corruption can be costly to society and it can even violate the rights of society. Police corruption can show favoritism to some and unfairness Read MorePolice Corruption3338 Words   |  14 PagesAnalysis of Police Corruption Police corruption is a complex phenomenon, which does not readily submit to simple analysis. It is a problem that has and will continue to affect us all, whether we are civilians or law enforcement officers. Since its beginnings, may aspects of policing have changed; however, one aspect that has remained relatively unchanged is the existence of corruption. An examination of a local newspaper or any police-related publication on any given day will have an articleRead MorePolice Corruption9501 Words   |  39 PagesPolice Corruption: A Perspective View Into the Definition, Cause, Harm Randy Botelho BSLS Capstone, LS498-01 – Unit 9 Professor Odim December 17, 2011 Thesis Statement Corruption in law enforcement is not victimless and creates a negative perception of the United States legal system. Introduction There are few professions in the United States that are entrusted with protecting society’s safety and system of laws that have been established throughout the course of American

Essay on Intergroup Conflict - 772 Words

| Intergroup Conflict | What is it and how do we fix it? | | Victoria Hull | 1/5/2013 | | Intergroup conflict is when members of a group have hostility towards one another. This can be seen in the cases of juvenile delinquents within a detention center who are also members of active gangs. They all have one thing in common – they are part of a group (the detention center) and are part of smaller groups (their individual gangs). These differences cause the intergroup conflicts. There are several concepts which contribute to the formation of intergroup conflicts: stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination. According to the text stereotype is, â€Å"a generalized belief about members of a group.† Prejudice is defined as â€Å"a†¦show more content†¦Many gangs are formed into racial groups (Mexican, African-American, Chinese, etc.) and are extremely hateful of any gang which contains different races. Having these different gang members in a detention center together may cause intergroup conflicts as discrimination has been become a way of life and they do not treat each other with any kind of respect. There are several strategies that can be used to reduce intergroup conflict between gang members in a detention center. The first step would be to have both individual and group counseling sessions in which the individuals can discuss at liberty their thoughts, feelings, and emotions about violent situations and gang life. This openness will allow them to recognize the connections that they all have and the differences they possess as well. Also, this will give them deeper insight into the reasoning behind their actions when within a gang. Another program that could be set up for these young men is to have them involved in community service programs in which they all have the same focus: to help out their surrounding communities. This will not only give them satisfaction in knowing that they are helping someone but it also gives the members some common ground and respect for one another. They will all have to learn to come together a nd cooperate within the group. A boot camp-type program may be beneficial to some of these residents as sometimes aShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Conflict And Intergroup Conflict825 Words   |  4 Pagestypes of conflicts have been around since the beginning of time. Most of the time when people have contact, there is some type of conflict. According to Lewicki, Barry, and Saunders (2007), â€Å"interpersonal conflict is a major level of conflict that occurs between co-workers, siblings, spouses, roommates and neighbors and this is the form of conflict that most people think about† (p.203). Conflicts happen daily, in private life or in the public, depending on the situation these conflicts can be bigRead MoreIntergroup Conflict Examples1635 Words   |  7 Pagesand understand the term intergroup conflict, being knowledgeable of what each term is defined as will allow a clearer concept. Your Dictionary defines intergroup as, â€Å"something that deals with two or more col lections of different people. An example of something intergroup is a type of meeting involving two different ethnic groups.† Your Dictionary defines conflict as, â€Å"a fight or disagreement or to clash with someone or something.† Combining the two terms intergroup conflict, in my words I think theRead MoreA Brief Note On Intergroup Conflict And Its Effect On Society1739 Words   |  7 PagesIntergroup Conflict In business and within life more than a few people usually possess a set of standards, or normalcies that determine how they select to behave as a member of a group within our society. A number of groups establish an acquired relationship between them in order to complete a task in the business world. This form of collaboration is the actual reason people stay interrelated and attempting to accomplish a goal. When this process happens it can now and then create conflict. In theRead MoreA Brief Note On Intergroup Conflict And Its Effect On Society1714 Words   |  7 PagesIntergroup Conflict In business and or in life most people usually possess a set of standards, or normalcies that determine how they choose to behave as a member of a group within our society. Most groups establish an acquired relationship between them in order to complete a task in the business world. This form of collaboration is the very reason people are interrelating and trying to accomplish a goal. When this process happens it can sometimes create conflict. In the business world conflict canRead MoreAnalysis Of The Healthamerica Mount Olivet Medical Center Intergroup Conflict809 Words   |  4 PagesHealthAmerica Mount Olivet Medical Center Intergroup Conflict Case is from the human resource frame. This frame puts the human perspective as the focal point of the issues surrounding HealthAmerica. Using the human resource frame to define the issues will explain underlying reasons for the issues and provide options for mitigating the issues at hand with the aid of Argyris and Schà ¶en’s theor ies for action. Nancy Grower’s desire to keep control over MOMC’s nurses conflicts with HA’s corporate and Sheila Hines’sRead MoreIs Ethnocentrism And Social Identity Are The Crux Of Intergroup Conflict And Divisiveness On A Global Scale?871 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 9 Written Assignment Ethnocentrism and social identity are the crux of intergroup conflict and divisiveness on a global scale. The theory of ethnocentrism is founded on the presumptions put forth by Sumner (1906), in Folkways, a sociological treatise on†¦ the. Sumner (1906) remarked, â€Å"[e]thnocentrism is the technical name for this view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it† (as cited in Segall et al., 1990, pRead MoreInter Team Conflicts And Interpersonal Conflicts1306 Words   |  6 Pagestype of conflict will arise. Every member of a team has value and each one must understand that a team without conflict is necessary to accomplish the goal at hand (Mosley, 2005). There are multiple things that can lead to conflicts and leaders must recognize these to have an effective team. As a result of this, the leader must take into account everyone’s background and experience level as the team is formed. This paper will discuss the inter-team conflicts, interpersonal conflicts, why policiesRead MoreSources of Interpersonal Conflict Essay638 Words   |  3 PagesSources of Interpersonal Conflict Everyone does not have the same goals or objections in life. We all have a set of expectations that differs from each others expectation. In a team or group it is already given that there will be some form disagreement. Disagreements can come in such area as roles of group members, task assignments, workloads, meeting scheduling, rules, work flow process and others. For example, at work I am a part of a team that has daily functions that help other teams completeRead MoreConflict Management1178 Words   |  5 PagesConflict is a fact of life - for individuals, organizations, and societies. The costs of conflict are well-documented - high turnover, grievances and lawsuits, absenteeism, divorce, dysfunctional families, prejudice, fear. What many people dont realize is that well-managed conflict can actually be a force for positive change. Conflict is â€Å"an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from others in achievingRead MoreBUS610 Week 3 Assignment Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Conflict Identification and Resolution Mia A. Rapier BUS 610: Organizational Behavior Dr. Anthony Trotta September 28, 2014 Conflict is part of our human disposition; consequently, it is customary within organizations. â€Å"Left unanalyzed and unchecked, it can be a destructive force that consumes time, money and human resources. Learning the various ways that people resolve conflict and expanding their conflict resolution styles can lead to better results† (Sadri, 2012). Within organizations

The Psychological Effects Of Music And Its Impact On Our...

Today, we are able to listen to our own personal choices of music at any given time of day thanks to modern technology advances. In this paper, I will be highlighting the psychological effects of music, and its impact on one’s emotions because music is a separate channel of communication that affecting emotions in significant ways (Hargreaves, Mitchell MacDonald, 2012). Music provides the benefit of releasing endorphin hormones that give confidence, good mental strength, good mood, and increase in well-being and overall happiness. Moreover music can improve creativity, stimulate learning and enhance concentration. Based on the above that mentioned, it is reasonable to assume effective use of music may even lead to improvements in job†¦show more content†¦This implies that our choice of music that we listen to is based on what we psychologically assess about our current state of mind and the environment. Music listening is implicated in mood maintenance and we may thi nk of our music selection in the form of psychological self-help. Also music listening has its benefits such as subjective well-being, psychological health outside clinical matters have been reported by a numerous researchers (DeNora, 2007; Pelletier, 2004; Standley, 1995). (1) While we are listening to the music, there is a hormone that is released on several different stimuli, moods, or stress which is known as Endorphin. It is opioid peptides that â€Å"small molecules that are naturally produced in the central nervous system and in various glands throughout the body (Janice, 1997)† function as neurotransmitters, and it is and released from the pituitary gland (Oswald, 2000). Listening to music releases endorphin into the blood and changes the mood. It fights negative stress and gives strength, confidence, good mood of well being and happiness. High levels of stress in mind can also stimulate the release of the endorphin hormones that calm the brain in stressful situation, and brings the feeling of happiness (Goldstein, 1975). Because music provides a great relaxation to the brain and mind, it is also

Environmental Engineer free essay sample

Environmental Engineering We humans have a long history of polluting our air, water, and soil. This contamination not only hurts nature, but is dangerous to people. Luckily, environmental engineers are on the job. They use math and science to clean up the messes weve made and prevent new ones from happening. For example, they might figure out how to clean up toxic material that has seeped into the ground at an old gas station or design an effective way to treat wastewater. If you choose this major, you’ll study a wide range of subjects. Besides learning the basics of engineering, you’ll also take courses in the life and social sciences so you can understand environmental problems in all their complexity. Students in environmental engineering learn to design, develop, and evaluate structures, equipment, and systems that protect the environment from the effects of human activity and that improve public health and well-being. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Engineer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [Engineering] allows you to think and be creative †¦ We get to solve problems and [tackle] projects that seem impossible at first, but when they are completed, its so cool. † Cindy, junior, civil and environmental engineering, UC Berkeley It Helps to Be Passionate about the environment. You should enjoy science and math, like solving problems, and have an eye for detail. Someone who is comfortable working as part of a team and who has good speaking and writing skills should do well in this field. To round off your studies, you will mostly likely take a senior design course. In this class, youll learn all about executing a design project, from writing a technical proposal and estimating costs to creating a work schedule and dealing with legal issues. Youll then use what youve learned to complete an original design project in an area of interest, such as water treatment or solid-waste management. Youll probably work on the project as part of a team, gaining important professional skills as you go. how much does an [continues]

Penning a legacy Essay Example For Students

Penning a legacy Essay Penning a Legacy is a significant title because the article speaks about William Penn and the lasting legacy of him and the colony that he had started. He is a legacy because he stood up for what he believed in even when he was imprisoned. He started a government from scratch in his colony, which was named after his father. In his colony all faiths were looked at as equal. In this article William Penn is looked at as a legend. He was born on October 14, 1644. His father was an Admiral who was close friends with King Charles II. The King constantly borrowed money from the Admiral. Penn was kicked out of Oxford then sent by his father to Paris to study abroad. When Penn returned he had adopted the lifestyle of a Quaker. He believed that every man was equal. Being well educated and smarter then most he began to write pamphlets and publish them. Penn was ridiculed in the pamphlet, which in turn started verbal attacks. This led to Penns incarceration. He was imprisoned in a tower for nine months. Threatened by life in prison, Penn refused to back down. He was released from jail due to his fathers connection to the King. In 1672 Penn married Gulielma Springett and had seven children. In the 1670s Penn switched his attention to the New World. Penns father died without ever collecting the debt owed to him from the king. In 1680 Penn asked the King for a piece of land in the New World in exchange for a settled debt. The King agreed and named the piece of land Pennsylvania. After Penn moved there he had the unsettling task of establishing a government. He mandated his own constitution having freedom of religion, voting rights, and penal reform. When arriving in the new land, Penn made a treaty with the Indians wishing to live in harmony. After living on the land for two years Penn ran into trouble with neighboring colony Maryland, and retreated back to England. Upon returning home Penn came to the conclusion that his financial advisor defrauded him, therefore leaving Penn with serious debt. At age 63 Penn was imprisoned again in debtors prison. Penn tried to sell Pennsylvania prior to death, but the deal never matured before his demise. Although Penn was in extreme debt, after his death he was and still is looked at as a triumphed individual. I learned in this article that in 1984 almost 300 years after William Penns death the U.S. gave him a citizenship. Penn was a focused man who knew exactly what he wanted and didnt let anyone steer him away from his goals. William Penn is without a doubt an important icon in American history.

Love and Basketball free essay sample

It has a powerful message which is that if you want to get far in your desired career that you have to work hard for it and that it doesn’t come easy. And that the road to success may seem long and hard but when you get to the top, you will see that in the end it was worth all the hardship. A summary of the plot is that it starts off in 1981 in L. A. , Monica moves in next door to Quincy. Theyre 11, and both want to play in the NBA. They develop a love-hate relationship that continues into high school, with Monicas edge and Quincys top-dog attitude eventually separating them. As high school ends, they come together as a couple, but it’s not long till both of them are playing ball at USC, Quincys relationship with his father in a downward spiral, which leads to their relationship coming to a sudden halt. We will write a custom essay sample on Love and Basketball or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some years later, their pro careers in the balance, they meet again. Its about time for a final game of one-on-one with high stakes. They plot makes perfect sense and is easy to follow as there is nothing too complicated about it. On the other hand I don’t think that it is too predictable because it has many twists and turns lurking in its mists. In the film there are two main characters Quincy McCall (Omar Epps) and Monica Wright (Sanaa Lathan). Monica has an edgy attitude which aids to her determination to become the first woman ever to enter the NBA. On the other hand Quincy with his top-dog attitude is driven by the need to better than his father and to gain better accomplishments than his father, Zeke (Dennis Haysbert), who plays a basketball star for the Los Angeles Clippers. I liked the main characters a lot the film as a whole made me feel very sympathetic for them as young people trying to get on with their lives. Also it made me care about what happened to them as the story progressed. The performance of the two main characters was very realistic and believable it had me clinging onto the edge of my seat, hanging onto every word waiting to see what was going to happen next. I think that is what a good performance is supposed to achieve to leave people wanting more. Also I think that they were able to perceive the character they were playing very well and they never came out of character. I think the director (Gina Prince-Bythewood) did a brilliant job in this film she had a great understanding of her surroundings and the time and setting of her film. The pace of the story was right as it aided the story to flow together in one piece nothing was rushed so that viewers were able to take in every aspect of the story. The film is a good one to look at as there are many varied scenes for example; it has a scene where it cuts from a male basketball game to a female basketball game. I think this was done very cleverly to show the difference there is in the same game but with different genders and it is really an eye opener. Personally I enjoyed the film very much some of the good points where that it was realistic in the way that it didn’t show love as a fairy-tale as it is normally portrayed in romance films. It was shown in a way that people could easily relate to which made it even more admirable. On the other hand it did have some bad points too for example; some of the scenes where a bit too short so it seemed that the scene was incomplete and that something was missing. I would entirely recommend this to readers as it is a very down to earth film which is not covered in a silver lining. The sorts of people that I think would enjoy this film are people that like romance films with a bit of a twist but it is still realistic and relatable. I cannot compare this film to another one as I see it as a unique perception of how to balance your love life and your work life at once. Overall I would give this film five stars as it is one of the most memorable, down to earth, realistic and relatable love films I have ever watched and I would be willing to watch it many times more in the future.

How To Find An Excellent Undergraduate Paper Essay Sample

How To Find An Excellent Undergraduate Paper Essay SampleIf you have ever been rejected by an undergraduate essay writing course you will know how daunting the task can be. Every student has had a few errors of grammar or spelling errors on their paper, which causes them to reject their paper. Many papers are typed and given to graduate schools and high profile universities so that they can be graded.The ideal way to improve your writing skills is to obtain an excellent undergraduate paper essay sample which could be emailed directly to you, or printed off and studied in class. This paper should be as close to the mark as possible, yet precise.Many students who fail to succeed because of lack of confidence in their own writing skills can benefit from this kind of writing course. Why not improve your skills by using one of these practice paper sample essays?This small work-book contains over 100 sample essays that you can use for your business school essay. It contains writing tips, g rammar exercises, key vocabulary word searches, lists of helpful writing points, short essays and other topics. The information is brief but effective as a college writing guide.There are many online sample essays for students to use. Some of these are for undergraduates, some for graduate students, and others for Masters students. This book contains both types of essays with workbooks for both.These online essay examples are all written from the perspective of the author. They often show spelling mistakes, mistakes in grammar, and many other errors that students make. These are the kinds of essays that you cannot afford to have written without editing, and editing cannot be done by a college writing course.There are several options available for writing your own essay sample. You can either write an essay of your own or get a sample essay written for you. Either way, your writing skills will improve dramatically.

Free sample - Cancer. translation missing

Cancer. CancerCancer can be defined as the abnormal growth of cells as they tend to grow rapidly in such a way that the growth cannot be controlled, in some cases this can spread throughout the body. Cancer is not a single disease but a group of many different and distinctive diseases. It has been found that cancer can involve any body tissue and in each area of the body it has many varied forms. Cancers are usually named according to the type of organ or cell in which they attack, such that even if it metastasizes, the evolving tumor assumes the same name as the primary tumor. Research has also shown that the frequency of a particular type of cancer may be determined by gender, for instance prostate cancer affects men while breast cancer affects women. Other cancers such as skin cancer and lung cancer are for both men and women. In the United States lung cancer has been found to be major cause of death for both men and women (Lasser, et al. 2006). It is of great significance for an individual to understand the causes of cancer, for instance, the risk behaviors and substances that can lead to acquisition of cancer. This is because most people indulge in behaviors that put them into vey high risk of developing cancer when they are not aware, such that if they are informed about the causes and dangers of cancer, there is a likelihood of quitting from the risk behaviors. Cancer can be caused by environmental exposure to mutagenic agents, geographical influences, particular lifestyle in a given population setup, and even the use of some drugs Crawshaw (2007). It has been found that certain occupations have been linked with higher risk of developing cancer. This is due to the exposure to mutagenic agents in the immediate environment. For instance, in the 18th century, there was an observation made in a British factory where bladder cancer affected all the men who were involved in distilling 2-napthylamine. In the chimney sweeps, the workers are exposed to coal and tar which brings about the development of scrotal cancer. Leather working, woodworking, and nickel refining have been associated with high risk of particular cancers due to persistent exposure to carcinogenic substances in the chemicals used. Mustard gas, which was used as a chemical warfare agent in the World War I, was found to be very dangerous as it was associated with increased risk of lung cancer and the various cancers along the respiratory tract. The mustard gas possesses mutagenic properties. Since the research showed that this gas was dangerous to the well being of huma n life, until today the gas is no longer in use as a chemical warfare agent. Therefore it is important to be aware of the substances that are associated with development of cancer and keep distance from the same (Pearlin, 1992).   Research carried out by Crawshaw (2007), has shown that particular cancers are common in different geographical regions around the world, for instance, among the Japanese men, the cancer of the stomach is 5 to 6 times higher due to the persistent consumption of foods which have undergone fermentation.   Among the American women, it has been found that breast cancer is about 20 times higher due to the American diet which contains high fat content, for example the pizza.   Among the Africans it has been found that liver cancer is about 10 times higher, and this is associated with increased frequency of Hepatitis B infection. Cancer of the may also develop due to aflatoxin compound which is a food contamination formed by fungi. The compound occurs mostly in grain stores within the tropical and subtropical areas due to high moisture content of grains.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most common example of cancer that is frequent and fatal is lung cancer. Lung cancer can be caused by benzo[a]-pyrene compound which is one the most powerful carcinogens in humans. This compound is found in tobacco smoke which also contains tar. The tar in cigarettes comprises of both initiators and promoters, making it peculiarly dangerous. Alcohol is also dangerous to human life since it acts as a promoter of carcinogenesis just like asbestos does (Calle Kaaks, 2004). References Calle, E. E. Kaaks, R. (2004). Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence  Ã‚   and proposed mechanisms. Nature Reviews Cancer, 4: 579-591. Crawshaw, P. (October 2007). â€Å"Governing the Healthy Male Citizen: Men, masculinity and   Popular Health in â€Å"Men's Health.† Magazine of Social Science Medicine, Vol. 65,  Ã‚  Ã‚   no. 8; p. 1606-18. Lasser, K. E., et. al. (July 2006). â€Å"Access to Care, Health Status, and Health Disparities in   the United States and Canada: Results of a Cross-National Population-Based Survey.†Ã‚   American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 96(7); p. 1300-7. Pearlin, L., I. (1992). â€Å"Structure and Meaning in Medical Sociology† Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 33(1), p. 1-9.